User:Bleff/sandboxflapper
In the United States and the United Kingdom, the flapper was a female archetype that played a major role in 1920s popular culture and became one of the decade's most enduring symbols, closely associated with concepts like the Roaring Twenties and the Jazz Age.[2] She was identified by her typical look, which included a short bob cut hairstyle, visible makeup, and loose-fitting dresses, as well as her provocative behaviors, such as flirting, dancing, smoking, and drinking.[3] The flapper of the Anglosphere is the best-known manifestation of a broader phenomenon known as the "modern girl", which had a global reach during the interwar period of the 1920s and 1930s.[4][5] Other international incarnations of this model include the joven moderna in Argentina (Spanish for "modern young woman");[6] the flapperista or flapperesca,[7] and the chica moderna (Spanish for "modern girl") in Mexico;[8] the garçonne in France; the modan garu or moga in Japan (borrowed from the English "modern girl"); the modeng xiaojie in China (also adapted from "modern girl"); the neue Frau in Germany ("new woman" in German); and the kallege ladki in India (from the Hindi ladki, meaning "girl", and the English "college", thus meaning "college girl").[4] In the Hispanic communities of the U.S, the "modern girl" or flapper was also known as la pelona ("short-haired girl").[9]
Outside the Anglosphere
[edit]Argentina
[edit]In Argentina, the phenomenon of the flapper or modern girl had its counterpart in the joven moderna (modern young woman), who had a significant presence in the mass media of the 1920s and 1930s, appearing in newspaper and magazine illustrations, comic strips, social commentary, and advertisements. While the global archetype of the American flapper was typically described as young, white, and single, the Argentine joven moderna was also upper-class and fond of both cosmopolitan mass culture and national popular culture, especially tango. In the 1927 short story "A Very Modern Woman" by Manuel Gálvez, some of the stereotypes surrounding this figure were encapsulated, describing the protagonist as "the perfect type of the modern young woman," who "smoked, danced closely with her partner, talked on the phone with friends, dressed in a way that revealed her figure, read risqué books, held advanced ideas on morality, knew bawdy stories and enjoyed telling them, scorned religion, and was a priestess of the newly fashionable cult of Flirtation."
China
[edit]France
[edit]Germany
[edit]India
[edit]Japan
[edit]Mexico
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Prigozy, Ruth (2004). "Fitzgerald's Flappers and Flapper Films of the Jazz Age: Behind the Morality". In Curnutt, Kirk (ed.). A Historical Guide to F. Scott Fitzgerald. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 129–162. ISBN 978-019-515-303-3. Retrieved 28 February 2025 – via Google Books.
- ^ "The Roaring Twenties History". History. A+E Networks. 14 April 2010. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
- ^ Tossounian 2020, p. 33.
- ^ a b The Modern Girl Around the World Research Group 2008, pp. 1–9.
- ^ Mayer, Ruth (10 March 2023). "Chorus Girl Modernity: Of Salamanders and Periodical Culture". Modernism/modernity Print Plus. 7 (3). Baltimore: Modernist Studies Association. Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved 28 February 2025.
- ^ Tossounian 2020, p. 4.
- ^ Hershfield 2008, p. 58–59.
- ^ Hershfield 2008, p. 4.
- ^ Wills, Matthew (13 January 2020). "La Pelona: The Hispanic-American Flapper". JSTOR Daily. JSTOR. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
Bibliography
[edit]- Bland, Lucy (2013). Modern Women on Trial: Sexual Transgression in the Age of the Flapper. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-8263-4.
- Conor, Liz (2004). The Spectacular Modern Woman: Feminine Visibility in the 1920s. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-025-321-670-0.
- Melman, Billie (1988). Women and the Popular Imagination in the Twenties: Flappers and Nymphs. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-00744-2. Retrieved 1 August 2024 – via Internet Archive.
- The Modern Girl Around the World Research Group (2008). Weinbaum, Alys Eve; Thomas, Lynn M.; Ramamurthy, Priti; Poiger, Uta G.; Yue Dong, Madeleine; Barlow, Tani E. (eds.). The Modern Girl Around the World: Consumption, Modernity, and Globalization. Next Wave: New Directions in Women's Studies. Durham; London: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-4299-1.
- Hershfield, Joanne (2008). Imagining la Chica Moderna: Women, Nation, and Visual Culture in Mexico, 1917–1936. Durham; London: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-4238-0.
- Simon, Linda (2017). Lost Girls: The Invention of the Flapper. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-178-023-812-8.
- Tossounian, Cecilia (2020). La Joven Moderna in Interwar Argentina: Gender, Nation, and Popular Culture. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. ISBN 9781683401162.
External links
[edit]
Media related to flappers at Wikimedia Commons
