User:Cgolden97/sandbox
Discrimination against drug addicts
[edit]Discrimination against drug addicts is a form of discrimination against individuals who suffer from a drug addiction. In the process of stigmatization, drug addicts are stereotyped as having a particular set of undesirable traits, in turn causing other individuals to act in a fearful or prejudicial manner toward them. Drug use discrimination also leads to many users being secretive about drug use[1](Addition). As it relates to healthcare stigmatizing attitudes surrounding drug use can cause barriers to treatment uptake and engagement.[2] (Addition) In some of its other manifestations, discrimination against drug addicts involves a violation of human rights.
Drugs and HIV infection---Prior Information
[edit]Among injecting drug users, the incidence of HIV infection is higher than among other drug addicts, however punitive and discriminatory measures against drug addicts are not able to eliminate either the spread of drug addiction or HIV.
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Global Impact
[edit]Africa
[edit]Africa has an estimated number 28 million substance users.[3] This number is impacted by the rising availability of injection-based drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamines.[3] Socio-demographic factors are often primary determinants of the health status of drug users.[3] These factors contribute to individual drug use behaviors such as the sharing of needles and the solicitation of sex in exchange for police protection or more drugs.[3] Nutritional status, family support, stigma/discrimination, adherence to medication, and recovery from addiction are also impacted by these socio-demographic factors.[3] Research shows that the majority of drug users transition from the use of non-injection substances to injection substances or use both simultaneously.[3]
Kenya
[edit]In Kenya there is a link between injection-related discrimination, mental health, physical health, and the quality of life for those who inject drugs.[4] The rates of discrimination are linked to higher levels of psychological distress and risk behaviors.[4] Women in Kenya account for 1/10th of the drug users.[4] These women tend to experience the regular discrimination faced by drug users in addition to gender related discrimination.[4] Levels of discrimination are often higher for those that are also HIV positive.[4]
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- ^ PALAMAR, JOSEPH J. (2011-12-19). "A pilot study examining perceived rejection and secrecy in relation to illicit drug use and associated stigma". Drug and Alcohol Review. 31 (4): 573–579. doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2011.00406.x. ISSN 0959-5236.
- ^ Gorrell, Michael Gorrell (2011). "E-books on EBSCOhost: Combining NetLibrary E-books with the EBSCOhost Platform". Information Standards Quarterly. 23 (2): 31. doi:10.3789/isqv23n2.2011.07. ISSN 1041-0031.
- ^ a b c d e f Budambula, Valentine; Matoka, Charles; Ouma, James; Ahmed, Aabid A.; Otieno, Michael F.; Were, Tom (2018-01-30). "Socio-demographic and sexual practices associated with HIV infection in Kenyan injection and non-injection drug users". BMC Public Health. 18 (1). doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5100-y. ISSN 1471-2458. PMC 5789578. PMID 29378631.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d e Mburu, Gitau; Ayon, Sylvia; Tsai, Alexander C.; Ndimbii, James; Wang, Bangyuan; Strathdee, Steffanie; Seeley, Janet (2018-05-25). ""Who has ever loved a drug addict? It's a lie. They think a 'teja' is as bad person": multiple stigmas faced by women who inject drugs in coastal Kenya". Harm Reduction Journal. 15 (1). doi:10.1186/s12954-018-0235-9. ISSN 1477-7517. PMC 5970466. PMID 29801494.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)