User:Doeze/sandbox

2008 United States presidential election
538 members of the Electoral College; 270 electoral votes needed to win
	Opinion polls
Turnout	61.6% 1.5 pp
	Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Clinton/Obama and red denotes those won by Cheney/Rice. Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state and the District of Columbia.
President before election; George W. Bush; Republican	Elected President ; Dick Cheney; Republican

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Technology during WW2 table


Technology	US	UK	Germany	Japan
Jet aircraft
Cruise missiles
Ballistic missiles
Radar
Nuclear weapons
Chemical weapons
Biological weapons

Manhattan Project map

Chemical warfare multiple image

From top, left to right

Sarin bomblets for use on the Honest John rocket
White phosphorus explosion during training at Edgewood Arsenal
Iranian soldier wearing gas mask during the Iran-Iraq War
Postwar disposal of mustard gas produced by Japan on Ōkunoshima during World War II
French gas attack in Flanders, World War I
Tear gas used in Incheon during the June Democratic Struggle

Tokamak multiple image

From top, left to right

T-1, the first tokamak device, USSR
Joint European Torus, a landmark tokamak, UK
Fusion plasma in a modern tokamak, EAST, China
MAST, a spherical tokamak, UK
Magnetic field lines in Wendelstein 7-X, the largest stellarator, Germany
Interior of the Large Helical Device stellarator, Japan
ITER, the largest MCF experiment, scheduled to operate from 2034 in France

Triad comparison

	Land		Sea		Air		Total
	ICBMs	No.	SLBMs	No.	Bombers	No.	No.
United States^[1]	LGM-30 G Minuteman III	400	UGM-133 Trident II D5/LE	280	B-52H Stratofortress	65	745
United States^[1]	LGM-30 G Minuteman III	400	UGM-133 Trident II D5/LE	280	B-21 Raider	65	745
Russia	RS20V (Voevoda)	326	R-29RMU Sineva	192	Tu-95MS/MSM	67	588
	? (Avangard)
	RS-12M (Topol-M)
	RS-24 (Yars)		RSM-56 Bulava		Tu-160/M
	RS-28 (Sarmat)		RSM-56 Bulava		Tu-160/M
China	DF-5	134	JL-3	72	Xi'an H-6	20	226
	DF-27
	DF-31
	DF-41
India^[2]




United Kingdom
France

Pakistan
Israel
North Korea

Proliferation history

Nuclear proliferation phases by country^[3]
Country	Explore	Pursue	Acquire
United States	1939–	1942–	1945–
Soviet Union	1942–	1943–	1949–
United Kingdom	1940–	1941–	1952–
France	1945–	1954–	1960–
China	1952–	1955–	1964–
Israel	1949–	1955–	1967–
South Africa	1969–91	1974–91	1979–91
Pakistan	1972–	1972–	1987–
India	1948–	1964–66, 1972–75, 1980–	1987–
North Korea	1962–	1980–	2006–
Yugoslavia	1949–62, 1974–87	1953–62, 1982–87
South Korea	1969–81	1970–81
Libya	1970–2003	1970–2003
Brazil	1966–90	1975–90
Iraq	1975–91	1975–90
Iran	1974–79, 1984–	1989–
Syria	2000–	2002–07
Germany	1939–45
Japan	1941–45, 1967–72
Switzerland	1945–69
Sweden	1945–70
Norway	1947–62
Egypt	1955–80
Italy	1955–58
Australia	1956–73
West Germany	1957–58
Indonesia	1964–67
Taiwan	1967–76, 1987–88
Romania	1978–89

History (crit mass)

In uranium

From the 1938 discovery of nuclear fission, investigation of various critical mass and radius scenarios began, which would be applied to both reactors and bombs. By far the most significant was the optimistic value in the Frisch–Peierls memorandum: a bare sphere of uranium-235 at 600 grams and 2.1 cm would produce a nuclear explosion in the kiloton range.

In May 1939, Francis Perrin in France published the first paper on the topic, specifically on a fast neutron reaction in natural uranium. He estimated the mean number of neutrons produced per fission in uranium-238 at 3, while the modern value is 1.18. This gave a critical mass with a tamper of 12 tons and a radius of around 50 cm. The correct result is that natural uranium sustain a fast reaction in any configuration.

On 9 June 1939, Siegfried Flügge published a paper with similar parameters to Perrin, against yielding a 50 cm critical radius. Notably he included discussion of the transmutation of uranium-238 into the undiscovered neptunium-239.

On 14 June 1939, Rudolf Peierls^[4]

Fast reactor image

From top, left to right

Superphenix, the largest fast reactor ever
Cross-section of Clementine, the first fast reactor
EBR-I, the first fast breeder reactor
RORSAT Soviet space probe, extensively using the BES-5 reactor
BN-800, the largest operating fast reactor
The Chernobyl sarcophagus, built to contain the effects of the 1986 disaster

Manhattan Project facilities


Facility	Purpose	Method	Location	State
Anacostia pilot plant	Uranium enrichment	Liquid thermal diffusion	Anacostia Naval Air Station	Washington, D.C.
Philadelphia pilot plant	Uranium enrichment	Liquid thermal diffusion	Philadelphia Naval Shipyard	Pennsylvania
S-50	Uranium enrichment	Liquid thermal diffusion	Clinton Engineer Works	Tennessee
K-25	Uranium enrichment	Gaseous diffusion	Clinton Engineer Works	Tennessee
Y-12	Uranium enrichment	Electromagnetic separation	Clinton Engineer Works	Tennessee
CP-1	Reactor	Graphite reactor	Metallurgical Laboratory	Illinois
CP-2	Reactor	Graphite reactor	Metallurgical Laboratory	Illinois
CP-3	Reactor	Heavy water reactor	Metallurgical Laboratory	Illinois
X-10	Reactor	Graphite reactor	Clinton Engineer Works	Tennessee
ZEEP	Reactor	Heavy water reactor	Chalk River Laboratories	Ontario
NRX	Reactor	Heavy water reactor	Chalk River Laboratories	Ontario
LOPO	Reactor	Light water reactor	Los Alamos Laboratory	New Mexico
HYPO	Reactor	Light water reactor	Los Alamos Laboratory	New Mexico
Dragon	Reactor	Fast reactor	Los Alamos Laboratory	New Mexico

Uranium processing in the Manhattan Project


	Uranium compound production until 1947 (tons)^[5]
Contractor	${\ce {Na2U2O7}}$	${\ce {U3O8}}$	${\ce {UO2}}$	${\ce {UF4}}$	${\ce {UF6}}$	${\ce {U}}$	Total
Vitro	768						768
Eldorado		2,679					2,679
Linde		2,428	300	2,060			4,788
Mallinckrodt			4,697	2,926		1,364	8,987
DuPont		982	1,970	716		232	3,900
Harshaw				1,640	1,615		3,255
Electro-Met						1,538	1,538
Iowa State						972	972
Met Hydrides						41	41
Westinghouse						69	69
Total	768	6,089	6,967	7,342	1,615	4,216	26,997

Early piles

Name	Associated scientists	Location	Country	Dates	Moderator	Uranium form	Neutron source	k factor
	Hans von Halban, Lew Kowarski, Frédéric Joliot-Curie, Francis Perrin	Ivry-sur-Seine	France	March 1939-January 1940	Light water, paraffin	Aqueous uranyl nitrate, uranium oxide	Radium-beryllium
	Hans von Halban, Lew Kowarski, Frédéric Joliot-Curie, Francis Perrin	Grenoble	France	Late 1939	Graphite	None
	Hans von Halban, Lew Kowarski	Cambridge	United Kingdom	November -December 1940	Heavy water	Uranium oxide	Radium-beryllium
	George Paget Thomson	London	United Kingdom	Summer 1939	Light water, paraffin	Uranium oxide
	George C. Laurence, Bernice Weldon Sargent	Ottawa	Canada	1940-1942	Graphite	Uranium oxide	Radium-beryllium
Columbia #1	Enrico Fermi, Herbert L. Anderson, H. B. Hanstein	Columbia University	United States	Spring 1939	Light water	Uranium oxide	Radon-beryllium
Columbia #2	Enrico Fermi	Columbia University	United States	Summer 1939	Aqueous magnesium sulfate	Triuranium octoxide	Radium-beryllium
A-21	Enrico Fermi	Columbia University	United States	September 25, 1940	Graphite	None	Radon-beryllium
A-6	Enrico Fermi	Columbia University	United States	January 17, 1941	Graphite	Triuranium octoxide	Radon-beryllium
A-12		Princeton University	United States	June 1, 1941	Graphite	Uranium oxide	Proton-beryllium
A-1	Enrico Fermi	Columbia University	United States	July 3, 1941	Graphite	Triuranium octoxide	Radon-beryllium
CP-89	Enrico Fermi	Columbia University	United States	November 1941	Graphite	None	Gamma ray-beryllium
C-74	Enrico Fermi	Columbia University	United States	January 1942	Graphite	None	Gamma ray-beryllium
Exponential 1	Enrico Fermi	Columbia University	United States	March 1942	Graphite	Uranium oxide		0.87
Exponential 2	Enrico Fermi	Columbia University	United States	March 1942	Graphite	Uranium oxide		0.918
Exponential 3	Enrico Fermi	Metallurgical Laboratory	United States	June 20, 1942	Paraffin, beryllium	Triuranium octoxide		1.004
	Paul Harteck	Hamburg	Germany	May-June 1940	Dry-ice	Uranium oxide
	Gottfried von Droste	Berlin	Germany	Fall 1940	None	Sodium uranate
L-I	Robert Döpel	Leipzig University	Germany	Late 1940-early 1941	Light water, heavy water	Uranium oxide
L-II	Robert Döpel	Leipzig University	Germany	Late 1940-early 1941	Light water, heavy water	Uranium oxide
	Walther Bothe, Arnold Flammersfeld	Heidelberg	Germany	Late 1940	Heavy water?	Uranium oxide
	Walther Bothe	Heidelberg	Germany	January 1941	Graphite	Uranium oxide
B-I	Karl Wirtz	Berlin-Dahlem	Germany	Late 1940	Paraffin, light water	Triuranium octoxide
B-II	Karl Wirtz	Berlin-Dahlem	Germany	Late 1940	Paraffin, light water	Triuranium octoxide
L-III	Robert Döpel	Leipzig University	Germany	Summer 1941	Light water, heavy water	Uranium oxide
L-IV	Robert Döpel	Leipzig University	Germany	May 1942	Light water, heavy water	Uranium oxide
G-I	Kurt Diebner	Gottow	Germany	Summer 1942	Paraffin	Uranium oxide
B-III	Karl Wirtz	Berlin-Dahlem	Germany	1942	Paraffin	Uranium power
B-IV	Karl Wirtz	Berlin-Dahlem	Germany	1942	Paraffin	Uranium power
B-V	Karl Wirtz	Berlin-Dahlem	Germany	1942	Paraffin	Uranium powder
G-II	Kurt Diebner	Gottow	Germany	April 1943	Heavy water	Uranium cubes
G-III	Kurt Diebner	Gottow	Germany	April 1943	Heavy water	Uranium cubes
B-VI	Karl Wirtz	Berlin-Dahlem	Germany	Spring 1944	Heavy water	Uranium plates
B-VII	Karl Wirtz	Berlin-Dahlem	Germany	Late 1944	Heavy water, graphite	Uranium plates
B-VIII	Karl Wirtz	Berlin-Dahlem	Germany	February 1945	Heavy water	Uranium cubes		0.85

Notable early piles

Name	Associated scientists	Location	Country	Date assembled	Notes	Moderator	Uranium form
	Hans von Halban, Lew Kowarski, Frédéric Joliot-Curie, Francis Perrin	Ivry-sur-Seine, Paris	France	March 1939	First ever piles First ever net neutron generation	Light water, paraffin	Aqueous uranyl nitrate, uranium oxide^{[note 1]}
Columbia #1	Enrico Fermi, Herbert L. Anderson, H. B. Hanstein	Columbia University, New York	United States	March 1939	First pile in the US First net neutron generation in US	Light water	Uranium oxide
	George Paget Thomson	London	United Kingdom	Summer 1939	First pile in the UK	Light water, paraffin	Uranium oxide
	Hans von Halban, Lew Kowarski	University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire	United Kingdom	November 1940	First pile to use heavy water First net neutron generation in UK	Heavy water, liquid hydrocarbon	Uranium oxide
	George C. Laurence, Bernice Weldon Sargent	NRC Laboratories, Ottawa	Canada	1940	First pile to use graphite	Graphite	Uranium oxide
	Paul Harteck	Hamburg	Germany	May 1940	First pile in Germany	Dry-ice	Uranium oxide
Exponential 3	Enrico Fermi	Metallurgical Laboratory, Chicago	United States	June 1942	First pile in Chicago	Paraffin, beryllium	Triuranium octoxide
Exponential 9	Enrico Fermi	Metallurgical Laboratory, Chicago	United States	July 1942	First pile with theoretical k > 1^{[note 2]}	Paraffin, beryllium	Triuranium octoxide
L-IV	Robert Döpel	Leipzig University	Germany	May 1942	First net neutron generation in Germany First explosion in a nuclear experiment	Light water, heavy water	Uranium oxide
B-VIII	Karl Wirtz	Haigerloch, Baden-Württemberg	Germany	February 1945	Last pile in Germany	Heavy water	Uranium cubes

Highly-enriched uranium production (USSR)

Site	Plant name	Began operation	Separative work units per year	Method
Ural Electrochemical Combine	D-1	November 1949	10,000^[6]	Gaseous diffusion
	D-3	1951	35,000^[7]	Gaseous diffusion
	D-4	December 1952		Gaseous diffusion
	SU-3	1955		Electromagnetic separation
	D-5	1955	650,000	Gaseous diffusion
Elektrokhimpribor Combine [ru]^[8]	SU-20			Electromagnetic separation
Siberian Chemical Combine
Electrochemical Plant (Zelenogorsk) [ru]
Angarsk Electrolysis Chemical Plant [ru]

Early reactors

Name	Alternate names	Country	Location	Moderator	Criticality date
Chicago Pile-1	CP-1	United States	University of Chicago, Illinois	Graphite	2 December 1942^[9]
Chicago Pile-2	CP-2	United States	Site A, Illinois	Graphite	20 March 1943^[10]
Oak Ridge Graphite Reactor	X-10, Clinton Pile	United States	Clinton Laboratories, Tennessee	Graphite	4 November 1943^[11]
305 Test Pile^[12]		United States	Hanford Site, Washington	Graphite	March 1944^[13]^[when?]
Chicago Pile-3	CP-3	United States	Site A, Illinois	Heavy water	15 May 1944^[14]
Los Alamos LOPO Reactor^[15]	LOPO	United States	Los Alamos Laboratory, New Mexico	Light water	9 May 1944^[16]
B Reactor		United States	Hanford Site, Washington	Graphite	26 September 1944^[17]
Los Alamos Water Boiler	HYPO	United States	Los Alamos Laboratory, New Mexico	Light water	December 1944^[18]^[when?]
D Reactor		United States	Hanford Site, Washington	Graphite	December 1944^[19]
Dragon		United States	Los Alamos Laboratory, New Mexico	None (fast)	20 January 1945^[20]
F Reactor		United States	Hanford Site, Washington	Graphite	February 1945^[19]
Trinity, first US nuclear test					16 July 1945
Zero Energy Experimental Pile	ZEEP	Canada	Chalk River Laboratories, Ontario	Heavy water	5 September 1945^[21]
Los Alamos Fast Reactor	Clementine	United States	Los Alamos Laboratory, New Mexico	None (fast)	19 November 1946^[22]
F-1		Soviet Union	Laboratory No. 2, Moscow	Graphite	25 December 1946
National Research Experimental	NRX	Canada	Chalk River Laboratories, Ontario	Heavy water	22 July 1947^[23]
Graphite Low Energy Experimental Pile	GLEEP	United Kingdom	Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Oxfordshire	Graphite	15 August 1947^[24]
Reactor A		Soviet Union	Mayak Production Association, Chelyabinsk Oblast	Graphite	10 June 1948^[25]
British Experimental Pile Operation	BEPO	United Kingdom	Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Oxfordshire	Graphite	3 July 1948^[26]
Eau Lourde-1 (Heavy Water-1)	EL-1, Zoé	France	Fort de Châtillon, Paris	Heavy water	15 December 1948^[27]
Physical Boiler on Fast Neutrons	FKBN	Soviet Union	Design Bureau No. 11, Sarov	None (fast)	1 February 1949^[28]
TVR	TVR	Soviet Union	Laboratory No. 3, Moscow	Heavy water	April 1949^[29]
RDS-1, first Soviet nuclear test					29 August 1949
H Reactor		United States	Hanford Site, Washington	Graphite	October 1949^[19]
Reactor AV-1		Soviet Union	Mayak Production Association, Chelyabinsk Oblast	Graphite	5 April 1950^[25]
Brookhaven Graphite Research Reactor	BGRR	United States	Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York	Graphite	22 August 1950^[30]
DR Reactor		United States	Hanford Site, Washington	Graphite	October 1950^[19]
Low Intensity Test Reactor	LITR	United States	Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee	Light water	4 February 1950^[31]
Bulk Shielding Reactor	BSR	United States	Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee	Light water	December 1950^[32]

Large reactors

Model	Thermal power (MWth)	First location	First criticality	Number built	Type	Moderator	Coolant	Purpose
RBMK-1500	4800	Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant, Lithuania	31 December 1983^[33]	2	LWGR	Graphite	Light water	Commercial
EPR-1750	4590	Taishan Nuclear Power Plant, China	6 June 2018^[34]	4	PWR	Light water	Light water	Commercial
BWR-6	4408	Grand Gulf Nuclear Station, United States	18 August 1982^[35]
N4 REP 1450	4270	Chooz Nuclear Power Plant	25 July 1996^[36]	4	PWR	Light water	Light water	Commercial
K Reactor	4400	Hanford Site, United States	January 1955^[37]	2	LWGR	Graphite	Light water	Plutonium production
Phoebus-2A	4082	Jackass Flats, Nevada	8 June 1968^[38]	1	NTR	Graphite	Hydrogen	Space propulsion
N Reactor	4000	Hanford Site, United States	December 1963^[39]	1	LWGR	Graphite	Light water	Plutonium production
Superphénix	4000	Superphénix, France	September 1985^[40]	1	SFR	None (fast)	Sodium	Commercial
APR-1400	3983	Kori Nuclear Power Plant, South Korea	29 December 2015^[41]	8	PWR	Light water	Light water	Commercial

Early cyclotrons

Country	Location	Diameter		Particle energy	First beam	Associated scientists
Country	Location	in	cm	Particle energy	First beam	Associated scientists
United States	University of California, Berkeley	4.5 in		13 keV	2 January 1931^[9]	Ernest Lawrence, M. Stanley Livingston
United States	University of California, Berkeley
Soviet Union	Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute		28 cm	530 keV	1934^[42]	Abram Alikhanov, Igor Kurchatov, Mikhail Alekseevich Eremeev
Soviet Union	V. G. Khlopin Radium Institute, Leningrad	39 in	100 cm	3.2 MeV	March 1937
Japan	Riken laboratory, Tokyo	26 in		2.9 MeV	3 April 1937	Yoshio Nishina, Tameichi Yasaki, Sukeo Watanabe
Denmark	Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Copenhagen				August 1938^[43]	Niels Bohr, George de Hevesy, August Krogh
France	Collège de France, Paris			7 MeV	March 1939^[44]	Frédéric Joliot-Curie

2008 Cheney vs Clinton

Nuclear reactor designs by coolant and moderator

Proposed design

Current commercial operation

Past commercial operation

Past military operation

Past research operation


	Moderator type	Light-water	Heavy-water	Graphite	None	Liquid metal	Liquid metal	Hydride	Organic	Organic	Molten-salt
Coolant type	Moderator Coolant	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {D2O}}$	${\ce {C}}$		${\ce {Be}}$	${\ce {BeO}}$	${\ce {UH3}}$	${\ce {C15H16}}$	${\ce {C18H14}}$	${\ce {FLiBe}}$
Boiling water	${\ce {H2O}}$	ABWR	Fugen	RBMK	RMWR
Pressurized water	${\ce {H2O}}$	VVER-1000	ACR
Pressurized heavy water	${\ce {D2O}}$		CANDU
Boiling heavy water	${\ce {D2O}}$		Halden
Gas	${\ce {CO2}}$		KS 150	AGR
Gas	${\ce {He}}$			HTR-PM	EM²
Molten-salt	${\ce {FLiBe}}$			TMSR-LF1							RMSR
Molten-salt	${\ce {ThF4}}$			TMSR-500
Molten-salt	${\ce {UF4}}$			IMSR
Molten-salt	${\ce {NaCl}}$			FLEX	SSR
Liquid metal	${\ce {Na}}$			SGR	BN-800	S2G	ARE
Liquid metal	${\ce {NaK}}$				EBR-I
Liquid metal	${\ce {Pb}}$				BREST-300
Liquid metal	${\ce {PbBi}}$				MYRRHA	BM-40A
Liquid metal	${\ce {Hg}}$				Clementine
Liquid metal	${\ce {K}}$							HPM
Organic	${\ce {C15H16}}$								Arbus
Organic	${\ce {C18H14}}$		WR-1							Piqua
Gas	${\ce {N}}$	ML-1
Gas	${\ce {(air)}}$			Windscale
None				Pile-1

53T6 (Mach 17) Hypersonic Technology Vehicle 2 (Mach 20) LGM-30 Minuteman (Mach 23) Agni-V (Mach 24) DF-41 (Mach 25) Avangard (Mach 20-27)

Nuclear reactor designs

Name	Fuel	Enrichment	Moderator	Coolant	Thermal output (MW_th)
TMSR-LF1	${\ce {UF4}}$	19.75%	${\ce {C}}$	${\ce {FLiBe}}$
HTR-PM	${\ce {UO2}}$	8.5%	${\ce {C}}$	${\ce {He}}$
RBMK-1000	${\ce {UO2}}$	2%	${\ce {C}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$
BN-800			${\ce {-}}$	${\ce {Na}}$	2100
EPR		5%	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$

Generation IV designs

Acronym	Full name	Design organization	Country	Type	Coolant	Moderator	Fuel	Enrichment (wt %)	Design status	Purpose	Thermal output (MW_th)	Gross electrical output (MW_e)	Net electrical output (MW_e)	Net efficiency	Thermodynamic cycle	Neutron spectrum	Non-electrical applications
4S	super-safe, small and simple	Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions Corp.	Japan	SFR	${\ce {Na}}$	${\ce {-}}$	U-10Zr	17	Detailed design	Commercial	30	10	10	33.3	Rankine	Fast	Multiple
ABWR	Advanced Boiling Water Reactor	GE-Hitachi	Japan	BWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4	Operational	Commerical	3926	1420	1350	34	Rankine	Thermal	-
ABWR-II	Advanced Boiling Water Reactor II	GE-Hitachi	USA	BWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	5.2	Under design	Commerical	4960	1717	1638	33	Rankine	Thermal	-
ACR-1000	Advanced CANDU Reactor 1000	AECL	Canada	HWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {D2O}}$	UO2	2.4	Under design	Commerical	3200	1165	1082	36.5	Rankine	Thermal	H2 production
AHWR	Advanced Heavy Water Reactor	BARC	India	HWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {D2O}}$	MOX	3.25	Under design	Commerical	920	304	284	30.9	Rankine	Thermal	Desalination
ALFRED	Advanced Lead Fast Reactor European Demonstrator	Ansaldo Nucleare	EU	LFR	${\ce {Pb}}$	No Moderator	MOX	-	Under design	Demonstration	300	125	125	-	-	Fast	-
ALLEGRO	ALLEGRO	EURATOM	EU	GFR	${\ce {He}}$	No Moderator	MOX	-	Under design	Demonstration	75	-	-	-	-	Fast	-
AP 1000	Advanced Passive PWR	Westinghouse	USA	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.8	Under construction	Commerical	3400	1200	1100	32	Rankine	Thermal	-
AP-600	Advanced Passive Pressurized Water Reactor	Westinghouse	USA	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.8	On Hold	Commerical	1940	-	600	31	Rankine	Thermal	-
APR+	Advanced Power Reactor Plus	KHNP	South Korea	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.26	Licensed	Commerical	4290	1560	1505	35.1	Rankine	Thermal	-
APR1000	Advanced Power Reactor	KEPCO/KHNP	South Korea	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4	Operational	Commerical	2815	1050	1000	35.5	Rankine	Thermal	-
APR1400	Advanced Power Reactor 1400	KEPCO/KHNP	South Korea	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.65	Operational	Commerical	3983	1465	1400	35.1	Rankine	Thermal	-
APWR	Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor	Mitsubishi	Japan	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	-	Under design	Commerical	4466	1538	1500	34.4	Rankine	Thermal	-
ASTRID	Advanced Sodium Technological Reactor for Industrial Demonstration	CEA	France	SFR	${\ce {Na}}$	No Moderator	MOX	20	Under design	Demonstration	1500	600	600	-	Brayton/Rankine	Fast	-
ATMEA1	ATMEA1	ATMEA	France	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2 and MOX	5	Under design	Commerical	3150	1200	1150	36	Rankine	Thermal	-
BN-1200	BN-1200	JSC “Afrikantov OKBM”	Russia	SFR	${\ce {Na}}$	No Moderator	Nitride or MOX	-	Under construction	Commerical	2800	1220	1140	40.7	Rankine	Fast	-
BREST-OD-300	BREST-OD-300	RDIPE	Russia	LFR	${\ce {Pb}}$	No Moderator	PuN–UN	13.5	Under design	Demonstration	700	300	300	-	Rankine	Fast	-
BWRX-300	Boiling Water Reactor X-300	GE-Hitachi and Hitachi GE Nuclear Energy	USA	BWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	3.4	Conceptual design	Commercial	870	300	290	33	Rankine	Thermal	Possible
CFR-600	China Fast Reactor 600	China Institute of Atomic Energy	China	SFR	${\ce {Na}}$	No Moderator	UO2 and MOX	-	Conceptual design	Demonstration	1500	600	600	40	-	Fast	-
CLEAR-I	China LEAd-based Research Reactor	Institute of Nuclear Energy Safety Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences	China	LFR	${\ce {PbBi}}$	No Moderator	UO2	-	Conceptual design	Experimental	10	-	-	-	-	Fast	-
CSR1000	Chinese Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactor	NPIC	China	SCWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	6.2	Conceptual design	Demonstration	2300	1000	-	43.5	Rankine	Thermal	-
EC6	Enhanced CANDU 6	AECL	Canada	HWR	${\ce {D2O}}$	${\ce {D2O}}$	UO2	0.7	Under design	Commerical	2084	740	690	35.5	Rankine	Thermal	H2 production
ELECTRA	European Lead Cooled Training Reactor	KTH	Sweden	LFR	${\ce {Pb}}$	No Moderator	(Pu,Zr)N	-	Under design	Experimental	0.5	-	-	-	-	Fast	-
ELFR	European Lead Fast Reactor	Ansaldo Nucleare	EU	LFR	${\ce {Pb}}$	No Moderator	MOX	-	Conceptual design	Demonstration	1500	630	630	40	Rankine	Fast	-
EM2	Energy Multiplier Module	General Atomics	USA	GFR	${\ce {He}}$	No Moderator	UC	7.7	Conceptual design	Commercial	500	272	265	53	Combined	Fast	-
EPR	The Evolutionary Power Reactor	AREVA	France	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2 and MOX	4.95	Under construction	Commerical	4590	1770	1650	36	Rankine	Thermal	-
ESBWR	Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor	GE-Hitachi	USA	BWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	-	Licensed	Commerical	4500	1600	1520	34	Rankine	Thermal	-
FBNR	Fixed Bed Nuclear Reactor	FURGS	Brazil	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	CERMET	5	Under design	Commerical	218	72	70	33	Rankine	Thermal	Desalination
FBR-1 & 2	Fast Breeder Reactors 1 & 2	IGCAR	India	SFR	${\ce {Na}}$	No Moderator	MOX	-	Under design	Commerical	1250	500	500	41.7	Rankine	Fast	-
G4M	Gen4 Module	Gen4 Energy Inc.	USA	LFR	${\ce {PbBi}}$	No Moderator	Uranium nitride	19.75	Under design	Commerical	70	25	25	-	Rankine	Fast	-
GTHTR300C	Gas Turbine High Temperature Reactor	JAEA	Japan	GCR	${\ce {He}}$	${\ce {C}}$	UO2 and MOX	14.3	Conceptual design	Demonstration	600	274	-	47	Brayton	Thermal	H2 production
HAPPY200	Advanced low-Pressurized and Passive SafetY system – 200 MWth	SPIC	China	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	2.76	Detailed design	Commercial	200	-	-	-	-	Thermal	Civil heat supply
HP-LWR	High Performance LWR	KIT and partners	EU	SCWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	9	Conceptual design	Demonstration	2300	1046	1000	43.5	Rankine	Thermal	-
HTR-PM	High Temperature GCR - Pebble-Bed Module	Tsinghua University	China	GCR	${\ce {He}}$	${\ce {C}}$	UO2	8.5	Under construction	Demonstration	500	211	200	-	Rankine	Thermal	-
IMR	Integrated Modular Water Reactor	Mitsubishi	Japan	iPWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.8	Under design	Commerical	1000	350	350	35	Rankine	Thermal	-
IMSR-400	Integral Molten Salt Reactor-400	Terrestrial Energy	Canada	MSR	Fluoride Salts	${\ce {C}}$	UF4	5-19	Under design	Commerical	400	194	185	46	Rankine	Thermal	Multiple
IPHWR-220	Indian 220 MWe PHWR	NPCIL	India	HWR	${\ce {D2O}}$	${\ce {D2O}}$	UO2	0.7	Operational	Commerical	754	235.81	210	28	Modified Rankine	Thermal	-
IPHWR-700	Indian 700 MWe PHWR	NPCIL	India	HWR	${\ce {D2O}}$	${\ce {D2O}}$	UO2	0.7	Operational	Commerical	2166	700	630	29	Modified Rankine	Thermal	-
JSCWR	Japanese Supercritical WCR	Toshiba and partners	Japan	SCWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	7.2	Conceptual design	Demonstration	3681	700	1620	44	Rankine	Thermal	-
JSFR	Japan Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor	JAEA	Japan	SFR	${\ce {Na}}$	No Moderator	MOX	-	Under design	Commerical	3530	750	750	-	-	Fast	-
KAMADO FBR	KAMADO FBR	CREIPI	Japan	GFR	Carbon Dioxide	No Moderator	UO2 and MOX	18	Conceptual design	Demonstration	3000	1000	1000	33.3	Rankine	Fast	-
KERENA	KERENA	AREVA	France	BWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2 and MOX	4.95	Under design	Commerical	3370	1290	1250	37	Rankine	Thermal	-
KLT-40S	KLT-40S	OKBM	Russia	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	13	Under construction	Commerical	300	70	60	23.3	Rankine	Thermal	Distric heat
LFR-AS-200	Lead-cooled Fast Reactor Amphora-Shaped 200	Hydromine Energy S.a.r.l	Luxembourg	LFR	${\ce {Pb}}$	No moderator	MOX	19	Conceptual design	Commercial	480	212	200	42	Rankine	Fast	Heat for industrial processes
LFTR	Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor	Flibe Energy	USA	MSR	Fluoride Salts	${\ce {C}}$	Molten salt with thorium and uranium	-	Conceptual design	Commerical	600	250	-	45	Brayton with IHX	Thermal	-
MBIR	Multipurpose fast-neutron research reactor	NIKIET	Russia	SFR	${\ce {Na}}$	No Moderator	MOX	-	Under design	Experimental	150	60	60	-	-	Fast	-
Mk1 PB-FHR	Mark 1 Pebble-Bed Fluoride-Salt-Cooled High Temperature Reactor	University of California, Berkeley	USA	MSR	Fluoride Salts	${\ce {C}}$	UCO	19.8	Under design	Commerical	236	100	-	42.5	Brayton	Thermal	-
MoveluX	Mobile-Very-small reactor for Local Utility in X-mark	Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions	Japan	SMR (micro)	${\ce {Na}}$	Calcium hydride (CaH2)	U3Si2	4.8	Conceptual design	Commercial	10	3.5	3.5	35	Brayton	Thermal	Process heat supply, Hydrogen production
MSFR	Molten Salt Fast Reactors	CNRS	France	MSR	Molten Salt	No Moderator	LiF-(U,Pu)F3-ThF4	-	Conceptual design	Demonstration	3000	1500	1500	-	-	Fast	-
MSR-FUJI	Molten Salt Reactor-FUJI	International Thorium Molten-Salt Forum: ITMSF	Japan	MSR	Fluoride Salts	${\ce {C}}$	Molten salt with thorium and uranium	2	Conceptual design	Commerical	450	207	200	44.4	Rankine	Thermal	Multiple
MSTW	Molten Salt Thermal Wasteburner	Seaborg Technologies	Denmark	MSR	Molten Salt	${\ce {C}}$	Eutectic Sodium-actinide fluoride salt mixture	-	Conceptual design	Commerical	270	115	-	42.5	Rankine	Thermal	Multiple
MYRRHA	Multi-purpose hYbrid Research Reactor for High-tech Applications	Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN)	Belgium	LFR	${\ce {PbBi}}$	No Moderator	MOX	-	Under design	Experimental	100	-	-	-	-	Fast	-
NuScale	NuScale SMR	NuScale Power Inc.	USA	iPWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.95	Under regulatory review	Commerical	200	60	57	28.5	Rankine	Thermal	-
NUWARD	NUWARD	CEA EDF Naval Group and Technicatome	France	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.95	Conceptual design	Commercial	540	185	170	31	Rankine	Thermal	Optional
OPR1000	Advanced Power Reactor	KEPCO/KHNP	South Korea	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4	Operational	Commerical	2815	1050	1000	35.5	Rankine	Thermal	-
PBMR	Pebble Bed Modular Reactor	Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (Pty) Limited	South Africa	GCR	${\ce {He}}$	${\ce {C}}$	UO2	-	On Hold	Commerical	400	165	165	40	-	Thermal	-
PEACER	Proliferation-resistant Environment-friendly Accident-tolerant Continuable and Economical Reactor	Seoul National University	South Korea	LFR	${\ce {PbBi}}$	No Moderator	U-TRU-Zr	-	Conceptual design	Demonstration	850	300	300	-	-	Fast	-
PGSFR	Prototype Gen-IV Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor	KAERI	South Korea	SFR	${\ce {Na}}$	No Moderator	U-Zr and U-TRU-Zr	-	Conceptual design	Demonstration	150	-	-	-	-	Fast	-
PRISM	Power Reactor Innovative Small Reactor	GE-Hitachi	USA	SFR	${\ce {Na}}$	No Moderator	U-Pu-Zr	26	Under design	Commerical	840	311	311	-	Rankine	Fast	-
Prismatic HTR	Prismatic Modular High Temperature GCR	General Atomics	USA	GCR	${\ce {He}}$	${\ce {C}}$	UO2	15.5	Under design	Commerical	350	150	-	42.8	Rankine	Thermal	-
RMWR	Reduced-Moderation Water Reactor	JAEA	Japan	BWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2 and MOX	11.4	Under design	Demonstration	3926	1356	1300	40	-	Thermal	-
SC-HTGR	Steam Cycle High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor	Framatome	USA	GCR	${\ce {He}}$	${\ce {C}}$	UCO	15.5	Conceptual design	Commercial	625	282	272	43	Rankine	Thermal	Industrial process heat
SEALER	Swedish Advanced Lead Reactor	LeadCold	Sweden	LFR	${\ce {Pb}}$	No Moderator	UN	11.8	Conceptual design	Commercial	140	58	55	39.3	Rankine	Fast	-
SmAHTR	Small fluoride salt-cooled High Temperature Reactor	Oak Ridge National Laboratory	USA	MSR	Fluoride Salts	${\ce {C}}$	UCO	8	Under design	Demonstration	125	-	-	-	-	Thermal	H2 production
SMART	System-Integrated Modular Advanced Reactor	KAERI	South Korea	iPWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.8	Licensed	Commerical	330	100	90	30.3	Rankine	Thermal	Desalination
SVBR-100	SVBR-100	AKME Engineering	Russia	LFR	${\ce {PbBi}}$	No Moderator	UO2	16.5	Under design	Commerical	280	101	101	-	Rankine	Fast	-
ThorCon	ThorCon	ThorCon US, Inc.	USA	MSR	Molten Salt	${\ce {C}}$	UF4, ThF4	19.7	Detailed design	Commercial	557	258	250	46.4	Rankine	Thermal	-
TWR-P	Travelling Wave Reactor-Prototype	TerraPower	USA	SFR	${\ce {Na}}$	No Moderator	U-Zr	-	Under design	Commerical	1475	600	600	-	-	Fast	-
UK-SMR	UK Small Modular Reactor	Rolls Royce & Partners	United Kingdom	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.95	Conceptual design	Commercial	1276	443	443	34.7	Rankine	Thermal	Optional, configurable
VBER-300	VBER-300	OKBM	Russia	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.95	Under design	Commerical	917	325	300	33	Rankine	Thermal	Distric heat
VVER-1000 (V-466B)	VVER-1000 (V-466B)	Gidropress	Russia	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.45	Under construction	Commerical	3000	1060	1011	33.7	Rankine	Thermal	District heat
VVER-1200 (V-392M)	VVER-1200 (V-392M)	Gidropress	Russia	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.79	Under construction	Commerical	3200	1170	1082	33.9	Rankine	Thermal	District heat
VVER-1200 (V-491)	VVER-1200 (V-491)	Gidropress	Russia	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.79	Under design	Commerical	3200	1170	1082	33.9	Rankine	Thermal	District heat
VVER-1500 (V-448)	VVER-1500 (V-448)	Gidropress	Russia	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.92	Under design	Commerical	4250	1560	1560	35.7	Rankine	Thermal	-
VVER-300 (V-478)	VVER-300 (V-478)	Gidropress	Russia	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.79	Under design	Commerical	850	-	300	35.3	Rankine	Thermal	-
VVER-600 (V-498)	VVER-600 (V-498)	Gidropress	Russia	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	-	Under design	Commerical	1600	600	600	35	Rankine	Thermal	-
VVER-640 (V-407)	VVER-640 (V-407)	Gidropress	Russia	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	3.18	Under design	Commerical	1800	645	603	33.3	Rankine	Thermal	District heat
W-LFR	Westinghouse Lead-cooled Fast Reactor	Westinghouse Electric Company LLC	USA	LFR	${\ce {Pb}}$	No Moderator	Oxide (UO2 or MOX) (prototype) Advanced fuel(commercial)	-	Conceptual design	Demonstration	950	468	460	48.4	"Brankine" (Condensing sCO2)	Fast	-

Gen IV compact

Acronym	Country	Type	Coolant	Moderator	Fuel	Enrichment (wt %)	Design status	Thermal output (MW_th)	Gross electrical output (MW_e)	Net electrical output (MW_e)	Net efficiency
4S	Japan	SFR	${\ce {Na}}$	${\ce {-}}$	U-10Zr	17	Detailed design	30	10	10	33.3
ABWR	Japan	BWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4	Operational	3926	1420	1350	34
ABWR-II	USA	BWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	5.2	Under Design	4960	1717	1638	33
ACR-1000	Canada	HWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {D2O}}$	UO2	2.4	Under Design	3200	1165	1082	36.5
AHWR	India	HWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {D2O}}$	MOX	3.25	Under Design	920	304	284	30.9
ALFRED	EU	LFR	${\ce {Pb}}$	No Moderator	MOX	-	Under Design	300	125	125	-
ALLEGRO	EU	GFR	${\ce {He}}$	No Moderator	MOX	-	Under Design	75	-	-	-
AP 1000	USA	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.8	Construction	3400	1200	1100	32
AP-600	USA	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.8	On Hold	1940	-	600	31
APR+	South Korea	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.26	Licensed	4290	1560	1505	35.1
APR1000	South Korea	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4	Operational	2815	1050	1000	35.5
APR1400	South Korea	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.65	Operational	3983	1465	1400	35.1
APWR	Japan	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	-	Under Design	4466	1538	1500	34.4
ASTRID	France	SFR	${\ce {Na}}$	No Moderator	MOX	20	Under Design	1500	600	600	-
ATMEA1	France	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2 and MOX	5	Under Design	3150	1200	1150	36
BN-1200	Russia	SFR	${\ce {Na}}$	No Moderator	Nitride or MOX	-	Construction	2800	1220	1140	40.7
BREST-OD-300	Russia	LFR	${\ce {Pb}}$	No Moderator	PuN–UN	13.5	Under Design	700	300	300	-
BWRX-300	USA	BWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	3.4	Conceptual Design	870	300	290	33
CFR-600	China	SFR	${\ce {Na}}$	No Moderator	UO2 and MOX	-	Conceptual Design	1500	600	600	40
CLEAR-I	China	LFR	${\ce {PbBi}}$	No Moderator	UO2	-	Conceptual Design	10	-	-	-
CSR1000	China	SCWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	6.2	Conceptual Design	2300	1000	-	43.5
EC6	Canada	HWR	${\ce {D2O}}$	${\ce {D2O}}$	UO2	0.7	Under Design	2084	740	690	35.5
ELECTRA	Sweden	LFR	${\ce {Pb}}$	No Moderator	(Pu,Zr)N	-	Under Design	0.5	-	-	-
ELFR	EU	LFR	${\ce {Pb}}$	No Moderator	MOX	-	Conceptual Design	1500	630	630	40
EM2	USA	GFR	${\ce {He}}$	No Moderator	UC	7.7	Conceptual Design	500	272	265	53
EPR	France	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2 and MOX	4.95	Construction	4590	1770	1650	36
ESBWR	USA	BWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	-	Licensed	4500	1600	1520	34
FBNR	Brazil	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	CERMET	5	Under Design	218	72	70	33
FBR-1 & 2	India	SFR	${\ce {Na}}$	No Moderator	MOX	-	Under Design	1250	500	500	41.7
G4M	USA	LFR	${\ce {PbBi}}$	No Moderator	Uranium nitride	19.75	Under Design	70	25	25	-
GTHTR300C	Japan	GCR	${\ce {He}}$	Graphite	UO2 and MOX	14.3	Conceptual Design	600	274	-	47
HAPPY200	China	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	2.76	Detailed design	200	-	-	-
HP-LWR	EU	SCWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	9	Conceptual Design	2300	1046	1000	43.5
HTR-PM	China	GCR	${\ce {He}}$	Graphite	UO2	8.5	Construction	500	211	200	-
IMR	Japan	iPWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.8	Under Design	1000	350	350	35
IMSR-400	Canada	MSR	Fluoride Salts	Graphite	UF4	5-19	Under Design	400	194	185	46
IPHWR-220	India	HWR	${\ce {D2O}}$	${\ce {D2O}}$	UO2	0.7	Operational	754	235.81	210	28
IPHWR-700	India	HWR	${\ce {D2O}}$	${\ce {D2O}}$	UO2	0.7	Operational	2166	700	630	29
JSCWR	Japan	SCWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	7.2	Conceptual Design	3681	700	1620	44
JSFR	Japan	SFR	${\ce {Na}}$	No Moderator	MOX	-	Under Design	3530	750	750	-
KAMADO FBR	Japan	GFR	Carbon Dioxide	No Moderator	UO2 and MOX	18	Conceptual Design	3000	1000	1000	33.3
KERENA	France	BWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2 and MOX	4.95	Under Design	3370	1290	1250	37
KLT-40S	Russia	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	13	Construction	300	70	60	23.3
LFR-AS-200	Luxembourg	LFR	${\ce {Pb}}$	No moderator	MOX	19	Conceptual Design	480	212	200	42
LFTR	USA	MSR	Fluoride Salts	Graphite	Molten salt with thorium and uranium	-	Conceptual Design	600	250	-	45
MBIR	Russia	SFR	${\ce {Na}}$	No Moderator	MOX	-	Under Design	150	60	60	-
Mk1 PB-FHR	USA	MSR	Fluoride Salts	Graphite	UCO	19.8	Under Design	236	100	-	42.5
MoveluX	Japan	SMR (micro)	${\ce {Na}}$	Calcium hydride (CaH2)	U3Si2	4.8	Conceptual Design	10	3.5	3.5	35
MSFR	France	MSR	Molten Salt	No Moderator	LiF-(U,Pu)F3-ThF4	-	Conceptual Design	3000	1500	1500	-
MSR-FUJI	Japan	MSR	Fluoride Salts	Graphite	Molten salt with thorium and uranium	2	Conceptual Design	450	207	200	44.4
MSTW	Denmark	MSR	Molten Salt	Graphite	Eutectic Sodium-actinide fluoride salt mixture	-	Conceptual Design	270	115	-	42.5
MYRRHA	Belgium	LFR	${\ce {PbBi}}$	No Moderator	MOX	-	Under Design	100	-	-	-
NuScale	USA	iPWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.95	Under Regulatory Review	200	60	57	28.5
NUWARD	France	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.95	Conceptual Design	540	185	170	31
OPR1000	South Korea	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4	Operational	2815	1050	1000	35.5
PBMR	South Africa	GCR	${\ce {He}}$	Graphite	UO2	-	On Hold	400	165	165	40
PEACER	South Korea	LFR	${\ce {PbBi}}$	No Moderator	U-TRU-Zr	-	Conceptual Design	850	300	300	-
PGSFR	South Korea	SFR	${\ce {Na}}$	No Moderator	U-Zr and U-TRU-Zr	-	Conceptual Design	150	-	-	-
PRISM	USA	SFR	${\ce {Na}}$	No Moderator	U-Pu-Zr	26	Under Design	840	311	311	-
Prismatic HTR	USA	GCR	${\ce {He}}$	Graphite	UO2	15.5	Under Design	350	150	-	42.8
RMWR	Japan	BWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2 and MOX	11.4	Under Design	3926	1356	1300	40
SC-HTGR	USA	GCR	${\ce {He}}$	Graphite	UCO	15.5	Conceptual Design	625	282	272	43
SEALER	Sweden	LFR	Lead	No Moderator	UN	11.8	Conceptual Design	140	58	55	39.3
SmAHTR	USA	MSR	Fluoride Salts	Graphite	UCO	8	Under Design	125	-	-	-
SMART	South Korea	iPWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.8	Licensed	330	100	90	30.3
SVBR-100	Russia	LFR	${\ce {PbBi}}$	No Moderator	UO2	16.5	Under Design	280	101	101	-
ThorCon	USA	MSR	Molten Salt	Graphite	UF4, ThF4	19.7	Detailed design	557	258	250	46.4
TWR-P	USA	SFR	${\ce {Na}}$	No Moderator	U-Zr	-	Under Design	1475	600	600	-
UK-SMR	United Kingdom	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.95	Conceptual Design	1276	443	443	34.7
VBER-300	Russia	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.95	Under Design	917	325	300	33
VVER-1000 (V-466B)	Russia	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.45	Construction	3000	1060	1011	33.7
VVER-1200 (V-392M)	Russia	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.79	Construction	3200	1170	1082	33.9
VVER-1200 (V-491)	Russia	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.79	Under Design	3200	1170	1082	33.9
VVER-1500 (V-448)	Russia	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.92	Under Design	4250	1560	1560	35.7
VVER-300 (V-478)	Russia	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	4.79	Under Design	850	-	300	35.3
VVER-600 (V-498)	Russia	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	-	Under Design	1600	600	600	35
VVER-640 (V-407)	Russia	PWR	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	UO2	3.18	Under Design	1800	645	603	33.3
W-LFR	USA	LFR	${\ce {Pb}}$	No Moderator	Oxide (UO2 or MOX) (prototype) Advanced fuel(commercial)	-	Conceptual Design	950	468	460	48.4

Generation V designs

Name	Fuel phase	Fuel	Moderator	Coolant	Organization
GCR/VCR-MHD	Gas	${\ce {UF4}}$	${\ce {-}}$	${\ce {KF}}$ or ${\ce {He}}$	University of Florida
GCR-U-C-F	Gas	${\ce {UF4}}$ and ${\ce {UF5}}$	${\ce {H2O}}$	${\ce {CF4}}$	Eindhoven University of Technology
GCR-UF6	Gas	${\ce {UF6}}$	${\ce {-}}$	${\ce {He}}$	Los Alamos National Laboratory
Plasma Core	Gas	${\ce {U,}}$ ${\ce {Ar}}$	${\ce {Be}}$	${\ce {He}}$	Los Alamos National Laboratory
LM-FR	Liquid	${\ce {MgPu}}$	${\ce {-}}$	${\ce {Na}}$ or ${\ce {NaK}}$	${\ce {-}}$

US nuclear bomb evolution


Mark	Alternate name	Fuel	Tamper	Design	Yield		Role	No. built	Service
Mark	Alternate name	Fuel	Tamper	Design	Min.	Max.	Role	No. built	Began	Ended
Mark 1	Little Boy	HEU	Tungsten carbide	Gun	13 kt	18 kt	SNW	6	1945	1950
Mark 2	Thin Man	Plutonium	Depleted uranium	Gun			SNW	0	Cancelled 1944
Mark 3	Fat Man	Plutonium	Depleted uranium	Implosion	21 kt	21 kt	SNW	120	1945	1950
Mark 4	W4	Composite	Depleted uranium	Implosion	1 kt	31 kt	SNW	550	1949	1953
Mark 5	W5	Composite	Depleted uranium	Implosion	1 kt	120 kt	SNW	140	1952	1963
Mark 6		Composite	Depleted uranium	Implosion	8 kt	160 kt	SNW	1100	1951	1962
Mark 7	Thor	Composite	Depleted uranium	Implosion	8 kt	61 kt	TNW	1750	1952	1967
Mark 8		HEU	Depleted uranium	Gun	25 kt	30 kt	EPW	40	1951	1957
Mark 10		HEU	Depleted uranium	Gun	12 kt	15 kt	EPW	0	Cancelled 1952
Mark 11		HEU	Depleted uranium	Gun	8 kt	30 kt	EPW	40	1956	1960
Mark 12		Composite	Beryllium	Implosion	12 kt	14 kt		250	1958	1962
Mark 13		Composite	Depleted uranium	Implosion	32 kt	32 kt	SNW	1	Cancelled 1954
Mark 14		Lithium deuteride	Depleted uranium	Teller-Ulam	5 Mt	5 Mt	SNW	5	1954	1954
Mark 15		Lithium deuteride	Depleted uranium	Teller-Ulam	1.7 Mt	3.8 Mt	SNW	1200	1955	1965
Mark 16		Liquid deuterium	Depleted uranium	Teller-Ulam	6 Mt	8 Mt	SNW	5	1954	1954

Confirmed Pre-Columbian transoceanic contacts

	Contact began	Contact ended	Location
Paleo-Indian migration	18,000 BCE	13,000 BCE	Alaska
Norse settlements in Greenland	986	1350-1500	Greenland
Norse settlement in Newfoundland	1000s	1000s	Newfoundland
Austronesian-South American contact	1150	1380	Colombia
Trans-Bering Strait contact
Columbus' first voyage	1492		Bahamas

List of X-planes

Type	Manufacturer	Agency	Date	Status	Regime	Control	Role	Notes
X-1	Bell	USAF, NACA	1946	Flew	Supersonic	Manned	High-speed and high-altitude flight	First aircraft to break the sound barrier in level flight. Proved aerodynamic viability of thin wing sections.^[46]
X-1A X-1B X-1C X-1D	Bell	USAF, NACA	1951	Flew	Supersonic	Manned	High-speed and high-altitude flight
X-1E	Bell	USAF, NACA	1955	Flew	Supersonic	Manned	High-speed and high-altitude flight
X-2	Bell	USAF	1952	Flew	Supersonic	Manned	High-speed and high-altitude flight	First aircraft to exceed Mach 3.^[47]
X-3 Stiletto	Douglas	USAF, NACA	1952	Flew	Supersonic	Manned	Highly loaded trapezoidal wing	Titanium alloy construction; Underpowered, but provided insights into inertia coupling.^[48]
X-4 Bantam	Northrop	USAF, NACA	1948	Flew	Transonic	Manned	Transonic tailless aircraft^[49]
X-5	Bell	USAF, NACA	1951	Flew	Transonic	Manned	variable geometry	First aircraft to fly with variable wing sweep.^[50]
X-6	Convair	USAF, AEC	1957		Subsonic	Manned	Nuclear Propulsion	Not built. The Convair NB-36H experiment, a B-36 modified to carry (but not powered by) a nuclear reactor, flew from 1955 to 1957.^[51]^[52]
X-7	Lockheed	USAF, USA, USN	1951	Flew	Supersonic	Unmanned	Ramjet engines.^[53]
X-8 Aerobee	Aerojet	NACA, USAF, USN	1949	Flew		Unmanned	Upper air research^[54]	Later models used as sounding rockets.
X-9 Shrike	Bell	USAF	1949	Flew		Unmanned	Guidance and propulsion technology	Assisted development of GAM-63 Rascal missile.^[55]
X-10	North American	USAF	1953	Flew		Unmanned	SM-64 Navajo missile testbed.^[56]
X-11	Convair	USAF	1953	Flew		Unmanned	Proposed SM-65 Atlas missile testbed.^[57]
X-12	Convair	USAF	1953	Flew		Unmanned	Proposed SM-65 Atlas missile testbed.^[58]
X-13 Vertijet	Ryan	USAF, USN	1955	Flew		Manned	Vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL)	tailsitting VTOL flight.^[59]
X-14	Bell	USAF, NASA	1957	Flew		Manned	VTOL	Vectored thrust configuration for VTOL flight.^[60]
X-15	North American	USAF, NASA	1959	Flew	Hypersonic	Manned	Hypersonic, high-altitude flight	First crewed hypersonic aircraft; capable of suborbital spaceflight.^[61]
X-15A-2	North American	USAF, NASA	1964	Flew	Hypersonic	Manned	Hypersonic, high-altitude flight	Major Pete Knight flew the X-15A-2 to a Mach 6.70, making it the fastest piloted flight of the X-plane program.
X-16	Bell	USAF	1954			Manned	High-altitude reconnaissance^[62]	"X-16" designation used to hide true purpose.^[63] Canceled and never flew.
X-17	Lockheed	USAF, USN	1956	Flew		Unmanned	High Mach number reentry.^[64]
X-18	Hiller	USAF, USN	1959	Flew	Subsonic	Manned	Vertical and/or short take-off and landing (V/STOL)	Evaluated the tiltwing concept for VTOL flight.^[65]
X-19	Curtiss-Wright	Tri-service	1963	Flew	Subsonic	Manned	Tandem tiltrotor VTOL^[66]	XC-143 designation requested but turned down.^[67]
X-20 Dyna-Soar	Boeing	USAF	1963		Subsonic	Manned	Reusable spaceplane	Intended for military missions.^[68] Canceled and never built.
X-21A	Northrop	USAF	1963	Flew	Subsonic	Manned	Boundary layer control^[69]
X-22	Bell	Tri-service	1966	Flew	Subsonic	Manned	Quad ducted fan tiltrotor STOVL^[70]
X-23 PRIME	Martin Marietta	USAF	1966				Maneuvering atmospheric reentry^[71]	Designation never officially assigned.^[67]
X-24A	Martin Marietta	USAF, NASA	1969		Supersonic	Manned	Low-speed lifting body^[72]
X-24B	Martin Marietta	USAF, NASA	1973		Supersonic	Manned	Low-speed lifting body^[73]
X-25	Bensen	USAF	1955			Manned	Commercial light autogyro for downed pilots.^[74]
X-26 Frigate	Schweizer	DARPA, US Army, USN	1967			Manned	Training glider for yaw-roll coupling Quiet observation aircraft^[75]
X-27	Lockheed	None	1971				high-performance research aircraft. High-performance fighter^[76]	Proposed development of Lockheed CL-1200 Lancer. Canceled and never flew.
X-28 Sea Skimmer	Osprey	USN	1970				Low-cost aerial policing seaplane^[77]
X-29	Grumman	DARPA, USAF, NASA	1984			Manned	Forward-swept wing^[78]
X-30 NASP	Rockwell	NASA, DARPA, USAF	1993				Single-stage-to-orbit spaceplane^[79]	Canceled and never built.
X-31	Rockwell-MBB	DARPA, USAF, BdV	1990				Thrust vectoring supermaneuverability^[80]
X-32A	Boeing	USAF, USN, USMC, RAF	2000		Supersonic	Manned	Joint Strike Fighter^[81]
X-32B	Boeing	USAF, USN, USMC, RAF	2001		Supersonic	Manned	Joint Strike Fighter^[81]
X-33	Lockheed Martin	NASA	2001			Manned	Half-scale reusable launch vehicle prototype.^[82]	Prototype never completed.
X-34	Orbital Sciences	NASA	2001		Hypersonic		Reusable pilotless spaceplane.^[83]	Never flew.
X-35A	Lockheed Martin	USAF, USN, USMC, RAF	2000		Supersonic	Manned	Joint Strike Fighter^[84]
X-35B			2001		Supersonic	Manned		First in family to use VTOL. Also used unconventional mode of lift engine (lift fan).
X-35C			2000		Supersonic	Manned
X-36	McDonnell Douglas	NASA	1997			Manned	28% scale tailless fighter^[85]
X-37	Boeing	USAF, USSF, NASA	2010		Hypersonic		Reusable orbital spaceplane^[86]	Drop test performed in 2006. Seven flights to space since 22 April 2010
X-38	Scaled Composites	NASA	1998		Hypersonic		Lifting body Crew Return Vehicle^[87]
X-39	Unknown	USAF					Future Aircraft Technology Enhancements (FATE) program.^[88]	Designation never officially assigned.^[67]
X-40A	Boeing	USAF, NASA	1998				80% scale Space Maneuver Vehicle X-37 prototype.^[89]
X-41	Unknown	USAF			Hypersonic		Maneuvering re-entry vehicle.^[90]
X-42	Unknown	USAF					Expendable liquid propellant upper-stage rocket.^[91]
X-43 Hyper-X	Micro-Craft	NASA	2001		Hypersonic		Hypersonic Scramjet^[92]
X-44 MANTA	Lockheed Martin	USAF, NASA	2000				F-22-based Multi-Axis No-Tail Aircraft thrust vectoring^[93]	Canceled, never flew.
X-45	Boeing	DARPA, USAF	2002			Unmanned	Unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV)^[94]
X-46	Boeing	DARPA, USN	2003			Unmanned	Unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV).^[95]	Naval use. Canceled, never flew.
X-47A Pegasus	Northrop Grumman	DARPA, USN	2003			Unmanned	Unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV)^[96]	Naval use.
X-47B	Northrop Grumman	DARPA, USN	2011			Unmanned	UCAV	Naval use.
X-47C	Northrop Grumman	USAF					Manned bomber	Proposal for a new-generation strategic bomber. Design only.
X-48	Boeing	NASA	2007				Blended Wing Body (BWB)^[97]
X-49 SpeedHawk	Piasecki	US Army	2007				Compound helicopter Vectored Thrust Ducted Propeller (VTDP) testbed.^[98]
X-50 Dragonfly	Boeing	DARPA	2003				Canard Rotor/Wing^[99]
X-51 Waverider	Boeing	USAF	2010^[100]		Hypersonic	Unmanned	Hypersonic scramjet^[101]
X-52	—	—	—				—	Number skipped to avoid confusion with Boeing B-52 Stratofortress.^[67]
X-53	Boeing	NASA, USAF	2002		Supersonic	Manned	Active Aeroelastic Wing^[102]
X-54	Gulfstream	NASA					Low-noise supersonic transport^[103] in development.
X-55	Lockheed Martin	USAF	2009				Advanced Composite Cargo Aircraft (ACCA)^[104]
X-56	Lockheed Martin	USAF/NASA	2013				Active flutter suppression and gust load alleviation	Part of the high-altitude, long-endurance (HALE) reconnaissance aircraft program.^[105]
X-57 Maxwell	ESAero/Tecnam	NASA	2023				Low emission plane powered entirely by electric motors^[106]	Part of NASA's Scalable Convergent Electric Propulsion Technology Operations Research project^[106] (SCEPTOR). Cancelled in 2023, never flew.
X-58	—	—	—				—	Number skipped; slot apparently assigned to Kratos XQ-58 Valkyrie.^[107]
X-59 Quesst	Lockheed Martin	NASA	2024				Prototype quiet supersonic transport aircraft^[108]
X-60	Generation Orbit Launch Services	USAF			Hypersonic rocket	Unmanned	Air-launched rocket for hypersonic flight research^[109]
X-61 Gremlins	Dynetics	DARPA	2020			Unmanned	Air-launched and air-recoverable reconnaissance unmanned air vehicle (UAV)^[110]^[111]
X-62 VISTA	Lockheed Martin/Calspan	USAF	2021		Supersonic	Manned	Variable In-flight Simulator Test Aircraft.	First flew in 1993 as the NF-16D (for the MATV program). Designated the X-62A during a major research system upgrade in 2021. Assigned to the USAF Test Pilot School.^[112]
X-63	—	—	—				—	Number skipped
X-64	—	—	—				—	Number skipped
X-65 CRANE	Aurora Flight Sciences	DARPA	2025		Subsonic		Control of Revolutionary Aircraft with Novel Effectors^[113]
X-66	Boeing	NASA	2028		Transonic	Manned	Transonic Truss-Braced Wing^[114]

List of Tupolev aircraft


Name	NATO	Year	Role	Number built	Status	Notes
Tu-1		1946	Fighter	1	Prototype
Tu-2	"Bat"	1941	Medium bomber	2,257
Tu-4	"Bull"	1947	Strategic bomber	847		Copied from several seized Boeing B-29 Superfortress
Tu-6		1946	Reconnaissance			Alternate name for the Tu-2P
Tu-8		1947	Medium bomber	1		Long-range variant of the Tu-2
Tu-10	"Frosty"	1943	Medium bomber			High-altitude variant of the Tu-2
Tu-12		1947	Medium bomber	6		First Soviet jet bomber, variant of the Tu-2
Tu-14	"Bosun"	1949	Torpedo bomber	~150		Jet torpedo bomber
Tu-18		1947	Medium bomber	0		Jet variant of Tu-8
Tu-20	"Bear"	1952	Bomber



Tu-144	"Charger"	1968	Passenger		Retired
Tu-160	"Blackjack"	1981	Bomber		In service

Kurchatov

Name	Type	Enrichment	Criticality	Shutdown	Power	Application
F-1
VVR-2
RFT
MR
IRT
IR-8
IIN-3M "Gidra"
GAMMA
Argus
OR
Romashka
SF-1
SF-3
SF-5
SF-7
Kvant
MR model
Delta
UG
RBMK
B-1000
ASTRA
EFIR-2M
MAYAK
"NARCIS"M2
GROG
P
ISKRA

References

^ Likely a mixture of primarily triuranium octoxide and some uranium dioxide
^ Early piles evaluated the neutron multiplication factor, k, for a pile by extrapolating its size to infinity, thus it measures only the suitability of the geometry and material purity.

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[uox-6] Likely a mixture of primarily triuranium octoxide and some uranium dioxide

[7] Early piles evaluated the neutron multiplication factor, k, for a pile by extrapolating its size to infinity, thus it measures only the suitability of the geometry and material purity.

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