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Kitsumkalum River
Kalum River
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Location
CountryCanada
ProvinceBritish Columbia
DistrictRange 5 Coast Land District
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationKitimat Ranges
 • coordinates[3]
 • elevation995 m (3,264 ft)[2]
MouthSkeena River
 • location
Terrace, British Columbia
 • coordinates
[1][2]
 • elevation
53 m (174 ft)[4]
Length114 km (71 mi)[5]
Basin size2,289 km2 (884 sq mi),[6]
Discharge 
 • average117 m3/s (4,100 cu ft/s)[6]
Basin features
Tributaries 
 • leftCedar River, Clear Creek, Douglas Creek, Wesach Creek, Maroon Creek, Goat Creek, Glacier Creek, Lean-to Creek, Deep Creek, Spring Creek
 • rightBohler Creek, Mayo Creek, Nelson River, Star Creek, Alice Creek, Luncheon Creek, Eneeksaguilaguaw Creek
Topo mapNTS103I Terrace

The Kitsumkalum River, sometimes called the Kalum River, is a tributary of the Skeena River in northwestern part of the province of British Columbia, Canada. [1][7] From its source in the Kitimat Ranges of the Coast Mountains, the Kitsumkalum River flows first north, then east, then south for about 114 km (71 mi) to empty into the Skeena River at Terrace, British Columbia.[5] The relatively cold Kitsumkalum Lake is a central feature of the watershed. The lake acts to stabilize water levels in the lower main stem Kitsumkalum River.[8]

The Kitsumkalum River's drainage basin covers 2,289 km2 (884 sq mi).[6] The river's mean annual discharge is estimated at 117 m3/s (4,100 cu ft/s), with most of the flow occurring between May and October.[6] The river is relatively turbid for most of the year due to glacial flour.[8] The Kitsumkalum watershed's land cover is classified as 37.8% conifer forest, 25.1% barren, 13.9% snow/glacier, 9.1% shrubland, 7.7% herbaceous, and small amounts of other cover.[6] The mouth of the Kitsumkalum River is located just west of Terrace, British Columbia, about 55 km (34 mi) north of Kitimat, about 110 km (68 mi) east of Prince Rupert, and about 390 km (240 mi) west of Prince George.

The Kitsumkalum River watershed lies within the traditional territory of the Coast Tsimshian Kitsumkalum, Kitselas, and Gispaxlo'ots people.[9] As of 2025 the Kitselas First Nation and the Kitsumkalum First Nation are in the process of finalizing a treaty with the government of British Columbia.[10] By the terms of the treaty agreement the Kitsumkalum First Nation will receive various lands mainly along the lower Kitsumkalum River, around Kitsumkalum Lake, and up the lower Cedar River to Sand Lake, part of the Ksi Sii Aks river system, as well as much of the Zymagotitz River watershed, and areas around the mouth of the Kitsumkalum River on both sides of the Skeena River.[11][12]

In the pre-contact and early contact era the Kitsumkalum and Ksi Sii Aks valleys provided a link between the Skeena and Nass Rivers and was the route of one of the so-called grease trails. Today the route is used by British Columbia Highway 113, known as the Nisga'a Highway.

The name "Kitsumkalum" is an anglicized form of the Sm'algya̱x Coast Tsimshian dialect word gitsmḵ'eelm, meaning "people of the plateau". It is comprised of the stem ḵ'eelm (plateau) with the modifying proclitics git- (people) and ts'm- (in, of).[13][14]

Geography

[edit]

Course

[edit]

The Kitisumkalum River originates from high peaks of the Kitimat Ranges, such as Morton Peak, Mount Leighton, and Mount Zbura.[15][16][17] Its source is just north of the source of the Exstew River, a southward-flowing tributary of the Skeena River, and just south of the source of Ksi Hlginx, a northward-flowing tributary of the Nass River.

From its headwaters, the Kitsumkalum River flows north and northeast, picking up the tributary Bohler Creek, which flows north from glaciers near Mount William Brown.[18][19] About 24 km (15 mi) from its source the Kitsumkalum turns east toward Kitsumkalum Lake.[20] Its valley widens and contains many wetlands. As it nears Kitsumkalum Lake the river is joined from the south by Mayo Creek, then from the north by a major tributary called the Cedar River.[21][22] Clear Creek joins just before the Kitsumkalum River empties into Kitsumkalum Lake.[23]

The Cedar River is a significant tributary that drains an area of 575 km2 (222 sq mi) and has a mean discharge of 21.2 m3/s (750 cu ft/s).[6] Its main tributaries are the Little Cedar River, Hadenschild Creek, and Sterling Creek.[24][25][26]

The Cedar River originates near the northeast corner of Nisga'a Memorial Lava Bed Provincial Park, about 15 km (9.3 mi) east of Gitlaxt'aamiks (New Aiyansh) on the Nass River. The Cedar River headwaters flow roughly parallel to the headwaters of the Kitteen River, a tributary of the Nass via the Cranberry River. Historically and currently the Skeena and Nass Rivers are connected by transportation routes from Kitsumkalum Lake, up the lower Cedar River to the the Nass tributary Ksi Sii Aks, and along that river to Gitlaxt'aamiks and the Nass River.

Kitsumkalum Lake is an important part of the Kitsumkalum River system. Several significant tributaries flows into the lake, the largest of which is the Nelson River, which flows from the the west from headwaters near Mount Neilson and Mount William Brown, not far from the source of Bohler Creek, and just north of the source of the Zymagotitz River.[27][28] Other tributaries that empty into Kitsumkalum Lake include Douglas Creek, Wesach Creek, Maroon Creek, and Goat Creek.[29][30][31][32] The community of Rosswood is located at the northern end of Kitsumkalum Lake.[33]

The Kitsumkalum River exits the southern end of Kitsumkalum Lake. It first flows through Redsand Lake and Treston Lake.[34][35] Then the river flows south along a meandering path through a relatively wide valley for about 35 km (22 mi). It then empties into the Skeena River at Terrace. Along the way several more tributaries join the river. First to join is Pontoon Creek,[36] then the largest tributary below the lake, Star Creek,[37] then Alice Creek,[38] Glacier Creek,[39] Luncheon Creek,[40] Lean-to Creek,[41] Deep Creek,[42] Spring Creek,[43] and Eneeksaguilaguaw Creek, the last of which joins right at the Kitsumkalum–Skeena confluence.[44][6][2][45][46]

Watershed and region

[edit]

The Kitsumkalum River's watershed is bounded on the south by the floodplain of the Skeena River, on the north by the Ksi Sii Aks, a tributary of the Nass River, and by the Kitimat Ranges to the west and the Nass Ranges to the east.[47][48] Locally, the Kitsumkalum River upstream of Kitsumkalum Lake is sometimes called the Beaver River.[49] The Kitsumkalum River and the nearby Kitselas Canyon are generally used to delineate the upper limit of the "lower SKeena River", as well as the point of transition between coastal and interior regions.[49]

The Kitsumkalum River lies in the Kitimat-Kitsumkalum Valley, also called the Kalum-Kitimat Valley or Kitimat–Kitsumkalum Trough.[50][49][51] This valley was glacially-made and today is occupied by the Kitimat River, Lakelse River, and the Kitsumkalum River. It is one of the few relatively broad and low-lying areas connecting the coast of British Columbia to the interior. This has been a motivating factor in the development of a port at Kitimat and infrastructure projects connecting it to the rest of Canada.[2][45][46][49]

"The Kalum−Kitimat trough is the result of the deep-seated boundary fault between the Kitimat Range to the west and the Nass Range to the east." ... "The surficial geology of the Kitsumkalum valley bottom is a legacy of the last Pleistocene glaciation. As deglaciation proceeded, the rising sea advanced far up the depressed valleys. A huge valley glacier retreated up the Kitsumkalum Valley with three standstills, forming large sand and gravel deposits. The present day Kalum Lake is impounded by one of these sandy glacial deposits. In the 10,000 years since deglaciation, the valley bottom was modified by stream erosion and minor deposition of sand, gravel, and silts."[49]

During the Last Glacial Maximum most of British Columbia was covered by the Cordilleran ice sheet. The Deglaciation of the Holocene glacial retreat occurred at various rates in complicated ways, leaving a wide variety of glacial landforms throughout the region. In the Kitsumkalum–Kitimat trough deglaciation was not complete until about 10,000 years ago.[51] As deglaciation proceeded the lower Skeena valley and the Kitimat valley became inlets of the sea. After the ice retreated beyond the modern confluence of the Kitsumkalum and Skeena rivers the sea flooded the lower Skeena valley to the vicinity of modern day Terrace. Separate glaciers then retreated up the Skeena valley and up the Kitsumkalum valley, leaving various fluvioglacial landforms. Both Kitsumkalum Lake and Lakelse Lake were formed by glacial outwash plain features such as moraines during deglaciation. The glaciers retreated in a nonuniform way, with periods of stability separated by periods of catastrophic retreat. Around 10,500 years ago marine waters extended east up the Skeena valley to the Terrace area and north up the Kitsumkalum–Kitimat trough to around modern day Lakelse Lake. Due to post-glacial rebound the deglaciated land rose and the inlets of the sea became dry land. By about 8,000 years ago the sea had fallen to its present level. Because the glaciers in the Kitsumkalum–Kitimat trough were close to or in direct contact with the sea for a significant period, meltwater deltas formed repeatedly in various places, leaving large delta-sandpur landform complexes consisting mostly of sand and gravel.[51]

"Deglaciation occurred by downwasting and complex frontal retreat between about 13 000 and 10 000 BP. The open outer coast became ice free first, in response to wholesale destabilization of the western periphery of the Cordilleran ice sheet by eustatically rising seas. Glaciers retreated rapidly by calving and soon were confined to fjords and mountain valleys; thereafter, they receded more slowly. The distribution of glaciomarine mud and raised deltaic deposits in Kitsumkalum–Kitimat trough indicates that retreat there was nonuniform, with intervals of catastrophic retreat separated by periods during which glacier snouts were relatively stable. Delaciation was accompanied and followed by rapid isostatic uplift. In Kitsumkalum–Kitimat trough, shorelines fell from about 200 m elevation at 10 500 BP to present sea level at about 8000 BP; about half of this fall occurred in perhaps as little as 500 years."[51]

(Course. Watershed info; mountains etc; climate; water quality etc. also geology, esp the trough, Kitimat-Kalum-Nass corridor, crossed by SKeena corridor; skeena canyon & relevance of Kitsumkalum to Coast-Interior history etc)

Other, notes, wip

[edit]

Kitsumkalum Lake is about 18 km2 (6.9 sq mi) in area. Its mean depth is 81 m (266 ft). Surface water temperature in the summer averages 12 °C (54 °F). It is glacially turbid with an average photic zone depth of only 3.8 m (12 ft), which limits primary productivity due to a lack of light. The lake is highly oligotrophic due to its high turbidity and fast flushing rate, among other factors.[49]

For a few centuries during deglaciation at the end of the Last Glacial Period, about 10,000 years ago, the Kitsumkalum–Kitimat Trough was occupied by the sea.[49]

[2][45][46]

"Terrace is located in northwest British Columbia, adjacent the Skeena River at the intersection of three valleys, the Skeena, Kitimat and Kitsumkalum." "Prior to the arrival of European settlers, the Tsimshian galts’ap’ (villages) of Kitsumkalum and Kitselas, located on the banks of the Skeena River just west and east of present day Terrace, were the dominant communities."[52]

There are several protected areas in the Kitsumkalum River watershed, including Lundmark Bog Protected Area, Kitsumkalum Provincial Park at the southern end of Kitsumkalum Lake, and Kitsumkalum Lake North Protected Area, at the northern end of the lake.[53][54][55]

Source to Cedar River: 60 km. To Kitsumkalum Lake: 67 km. Exit Kitsumkalum Lake: 77 km. Treston Lake at 80 km. To Skeena: 114 km.

Cedar River source: 55° 11' 45" N, 128° 49' 52" W

[2]

[45]

[46]

History

[edit]

See: Gispaxlo'ots, Ligeex, Laxsgiik, Kitamaat Village, Kitsumkalum, Port Essington, British Columbia, Lax Kwʼalaams, Gʼpsgolox totem pole,

???check: In pre-contact times the Kitsumkalum watershed was occupied by Gitlutzau (also called Killutsal), considered part of the Tsimshian Kitselas people. The Haisla people occupied the flatlands south of Lakelse Lake. Gitlutzau was an important settlement located on the east bank of the Lakelse River at the Lakelse–Skeena confluence. Three other historic documented villages include Lakgeas, a village on the Lakelse River, a summer fishing village near the outlet of Lakelse Lake, and a fishing village at the mouth of Herman Creek.[49]

Archaeology in the Kitsumkalum watershed and surrounding area has been limited. There is evidence of habitation dating to both the early and late pre-contact phase. The contact period, beginning in 1787, can be subdivided into "proto-contact" (about 1787–1840) and "colonial" (1840–present) phases. Large village sites at the mouth of the Kitsumkalum River and around the nearby Kitselas Canyon of the Skeena River date to pre-contact times but continued into the contact period. Some of the archaeological sites in the Kitsumkalum watershed also bridge the pre- and post-contact periods, although some of the sites have yielded only uncertain dates. Around the 1830s many Tsimshian from the Kitsumkalum region moved permanently to Fort Simpson and nearby coastal areas. Villages around the mouth of the Kitsukalum River and along the Kitselas Canyon continued, but Tsimshian habitation in the interior zone of the Skeena River below Kitselas Canyon became less dense as many moved to the coast.[56]

--- "Kitsumkalum are part of the Tsimshian Nation. The Kitsumkalum people occupied the Kitsumkalum and Zymacord Watershed territories, although the Cedar River Watershed has stated Gitxsan interest. Traditionally, the main town was Dalk Gyilakyaw, which is usually translated as Robin Town (McDonald 2003). Dalk Gyilakyaw is situated at the main canyon on both sides of Kalum River. Gitxondakl, another important town was located between Dalk Gyilakyaw and Kalum Lake. Kitsumkalum village, the one from which the people take their name, is located at the mouth of the Kalum River (McDonald 2003). The strong economy was based around the summer salmon food fishery and mid-winter feasting, with dispersal into smaller family groups during the rest of the year to fish, hunt, and gather on the House territories."[49]

--- https://maps.fpcc.ca/place-names/kitselas-canyon

"The Kitselas Canyon along the Skeena River near Terrace was a strategic location for the Kitselas People of the Tsimshian Nation to harvest resources and to control access to regional trade networks by other Indigenous Peoples and the Hudson's Bay Company into the 19th century. Five precontact village sites are situated along the canyon, and visitors to the area can see the remains of carved poles, longhouse frames, rock carvings and cache pits. The Kitselas Canyon was designated a National Historical Site in 1972." -photo: "Kitselas Canyon"; Image E-00055 courtesy of the Royal BC Museum

--- "After establishment of Fort Simpson in 1834, many of the lower Skeena First Nation groups moved to the area surrounding the fort and are now located in Lax Kw’alaams. Other Tsimshian reside in Kitsumkalum Village and continue to use the Lower Skeena River area for traditional activities. Salmon are an integral part of the Tsimshian culture and one of the main food sources. The abundant chum salmon was a particularly important food resource in the lower Skeena River area. Because the fat content was relatively low and the dried product less likely to spoil, they were smoke-dried in great quantities."[49]

--- "Historically, the outlets of both Kalum and Treston (Mud) Lakes were major spawning beds, until large amounts of gravel were removed to aid log driving..." ... "Watershed Restoration Program overview assessments reported by Grieve (1996) and Triton (1996) noted many logging related impacts to Kalum tributary channels. These included: changed channel morphology, increased bedload movement, bank failures, sediment loading, and debris accumulation. They noted several streams, particularly Star Creek and Cedar River showed heavy erosion and scour."[49]

--- Development: "The principal development in the Kitsumkalum Watershed consist of forestry, linear, mineral resource, and settlement activities." ... "The Kitsumkalum Watershed is located within and administered by Ministry of Forests, Kalum Forest District. At the conclusion of the Second World War, a great demand for lumber led to selective logging of the most valuable timber stands, which were processed in small bush mills. Large-scale industrial logging started in 1950 with the award of TFL # 1 to Columbia Cellulose. Over the last fifty years, the Kalum Watershed has been extensively logged causing very high impacts to fish habitat."[49]

Transportation and Utilities: "In the Kitsumkalum Watershed, the two main roads, the west side road and the Nisga’a Highway, branch off Highway 16 and provide access to communities to the north in the Nass valley..." ... "Utilities corridors exist on both the east and west sides of the valley, generally paralleling the main roads. A BC Hydro transmission line passes north-south on the west side, while a BC Hydro transmission line and Telus telephone line run through on the east side."[49]

Population and settlement: "Relatively minor settlement has occurred in the watershed. Dutch Valley, at the mouth of Spring Creek, and Rosswood located north of Kitsumkalum Lake, provide scattered rural residences for approximately 300 people. The City of Terrace, located at the southeast edge of the watershed, along with its adjacent suburbs, has a population of approximately 19,650 people. The economy is dominated by the forest industry, although tourism is growing and contributing to the growth of sport fishing."[49]

Flora and fauna

[edit]

The primary biogeoclimatic zone of the Kitsumkalum watershed is "Coastal Western Hemlock (CWH) zone, merging into the "Mountain Hemlock" (MH) zone at higher altitudes. Historically the watershed's vegetation was dominated by old growth conifer temperate rainforest of western hemlock, western red cedar, and amabilis fir. Sitka spruce is common but not dominant. The mountain hemlock zone is characterized by the presence of mountain hemlock and the absence of red cedar.[49]

"Vegetation in the wide, gently sloping valley and on the low elevation slopes consists of forest stands of spruce, hemlock, and limited amounts of cedar representing the Coastal Western Hemlock (CWH) biogeoclimatic zone. As elevation is gained, the CWH is replaced by the Mountain Hemlock zone, while higher again lies the Alpine Tundra zone."[49]

The Kitsumkalum watershed has a very high fisheries value and is a major producer of sockeye, coho, and pink salmon, fished both recreationally and commercially. Steelhead and cutthroat trout runs support a major sport fishery. Resident fish species include rainbow trout, Dolly Varden trout, mountain whitefish, prickly sculpin, largescale suckers, redside shiners, northern pikeminnow, peamouth chub, and three-spined stickleback.[49]

Chinook salmon are present but in relatively low numbers. Chum salmon runs are modest. The sockeye salmon runs are among the largest in the Skeena River watershed, although sockeye spawning population has declined, rebounded, and declined again since the 1950s. A Lakelse Sockeye Recovery Process plan was initiated in 2003.[49]

Tributaries

[edit]

The tributaries of Kitsumkalum River are listed below in upstream order, with the basin size and mean discharge given for each.[2][45][46][6]

  • Kitsumkalum River (2,289 km², 117 m³/s)
    • Eneeksaguilaguaw Creek
    • Spring Creek (26.2 km², 0.709 m³/s)
    • Deep Creek (52.9 km², 2.01 m³/s)
    • Lean-to Creek (45.2 km², 2.08 m³/s)
    • Luncheon Creek (10.1 km², 0.289 m³/s)
    • Glacier Creek (19.4 km², 0.825 m³/s)
    • Alice Creek (42.3 km², 1.77 m³/s)
    • Star Creek (73.8 km², 3.39 m³/s)
    • (Treston Lake)
    • (Redsand Lake)
    • Pontoon Creek
    • Kitsumkalum Lake (1,931 km², 104 m³/s)
      • Goat Creek (31.9 km², 1.47 m³/s)
      • Nelson River (181 km², 9.19 m³/s)
      • Maroon Creek (62.1 km², 2.89 m³/s)
      • Wesach Creek (43.3 km², 2.13 m³/s)
        • Hall Creek
      • Douglas Creek (43.8 km², 1.95 m³/s)
      • Kitsumkalum River (above Kitsumkalum Lake) (1,531 km², 85.9 m³/s)
        • Clear Creek (96.9 km², 3.96 m³/s)
          • Egan Road Creek
        • Cedar River (575 km², 21.2 m³/s)
          • Little Cedar River (80.8 km², 3.43 m³/s)
          • Hadenschild Creek (38.8 km², 1.25 m³/s)
            • Belway Creek
          • Sterling Creek (48.6 km², 1.65 m³/s)
            • Jacks Creek
          • Egan Creek
          • Clarence Creek
        • Mayo Creek (151 km², 7.35 m³/s)
        • (Unnamed from NW) (136 km², 12.5 m³/s)
        • Bohler Creek (137 km², 11.0 m³/s)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Kitsumkalum River". BC Geographical Names.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Toporama (on-line map and search)". Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 8 May 2025.
  3. ^ Derived from BC Geographic Names, topographic maps, and Toporama
  4. ^ Elevation derived from ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model, using Toporama, BC Geographic Names coordinates, and topographic maps.
  5. ^ a b Length and distance measured using BC Geographic Names coordinates, topographic maps, and Toporama
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h "Northwest Water Tool". BC Water Tool. GeoBC, Integrated Land Management Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Government of British Columbia. Retrieved 8 May 2025.
  7. ^ "Kitsumkalum River". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
  8. ^ a b Grieve, G. D.; Webb, D. (August 1999). "Kitsumkalum River Steelhead: Summary of Current Data and Status Review, 1997. Skeena Fisheries Report SK 106" (PDF). British Columbia. Retrieved 8 May 2025.
  9. ^ "Our Land". Kitselas First Nation. Retrieved 1 April 2025.
  10. ^ "Kitselas Treaty and Kitsumkalum Treaty Negotiations". Province of British Columbia. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
  11. ^ "Kitselas Treaty and Kitsumkalum Treaty Lands and Access Fact Sheet" (PDF). Government of British Columbia. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
  12. ^ "Kitsumkalum Treaty Information Source". Kitsumkalum First Nation. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
  13. ^ "Gitsmḵ'eelm (Kitsumkalum)". Sm’algyax Living Legacy Talking Dictionary. Ts’msyen Sm’algyax Authority; Kitsumkalum First Nation. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
  14. ^ Akrigg, G.P.V.; Akrigg, Helen B. (1997). British Columbia Place Names (3rd ed.). University of British Columbia Press. p. 140. ISBN 9780774806374. OCLC 180704220. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
  15. ^ "Morton Peak". BC Geographical Names.
  16. ^ "Mount Leighton". BC Geographical Names.
  17. ^ "Mount Zbura". BC Geographical Names.
  18. ^ "Bohler Creek". BC Geographical Names.
  19. ^ "Mount William Brown". BC Geographical Names.
  20. ^ "Kitsumkalum Lake". BC Geographical Names.
  21. ^ "Mayo Creek". BC Geographical Names.
  22. ^ "Cedar River". BC Geographical Names.
  23. ^ "Clear Creek". BC Geographical Names.
  24. ^ "Little Cedar River". BC Geographical Names.
  25. ^ "Hadenschild Creek". BC Geographical Names.
  26. ^ "Sterling Creek". BC Geographical Names.
  27. ^ "Nelson River". BC Geographical Names.
  28. ^ "Mount Neilson". BC Geographical Names.
  29. ^ "Douglas Creek". BC Geographical Names.
  30. ^ "Wesach Creek". BC Geographical Names.
  31. ^ "Maroon Creek". BC Geographical Names.
  32. ^ "Goat Creek". BC Geographical Names.
  33. ^ "Rosswood". BC Geographical Names.
  34. ^ "Redsand Lake". BC Geographical Names.
  35. ^ "Treston Lake". BC Geographical Names.
  36. ^ "Pontoon Creek". BC Geographical Names.
  37. ^ "Star Creek". BC Geographical Names.
  38. ^ "Alice Creek". BC Geographical Names.
  39. ^ "Glacier Creek". BC Geographical Names.
  40. ^ "Luncheon Creek". BC Geographical Names.
  41. ^ "Lean-to Creek". BC Geographical Names.
  42. ^ "Deep Creek". BC Geographical Names.
  43. ^ "Spring Creek". BC Geographical Names.
  44. ^ "Eneeksaguilaguaw Creek". BC Geographical Names.
  45. ^ a b c d e British Columbia Road & Recreation Atlas. Benchmark Maps. 2024. pp. 119, 131. ISBN 978-1-926806-87-7.
  46. ^ a b c d e Mussio, Russell; Mussio, Wesley (2018). Northern BC Backroad Mapbook. Mussio Ventures. pp. 33–34. ISBN 979-8986387901. Retrieved 8 May 2025.
  47. ^ "Kitimat Ranges". BC Geographical Names.
  48. ^ "Nass Ranges". BC Geographical Names.
  49. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Gottesfeld, Allen S.; Rabnett, Ken A. (January 2007). "Skeena Fish Populations and Their Habitat" (PDF). Skeena Fisheries Commission. Retrieved 26 April 2025.
  50. ^ "Geotour guide for Terrace, BC" (PDF). Province of British Columbia. Retrieved 26 April 2025.
  51. ^ a b c d Clague, John J. (February 1985). "Deglaciation of the Prince Rupert - Kitimat area, British Columbia". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 22 (2). Canadian Science Publishing: 256–265. doi:10.1139/e85-022. ISSN 0008-4077.
  52. ^ "History". City of Terrace. Retrieved 10 May 2025.
  53. ^ "Lundmark Bog Protected Area". BC Parks. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
  54. ^ "Kitsumkalum Park". BC Parks. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
  55. ^ "Kitsumkalum Lake North Protected Area". BC Parks. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
  56. ^ Martindale, Andrew R.C. (1999). The River of Mist: Cultural Change in the Tsimshian Past (PDF) (PhD thesis). Toronto: University of Toronto. ISBN 9780612412316. OCLC 1373953022. Retrieved 10 May 2025 – via National Library of Canada.
[edit]

--- ref name=grieve:

-"Species found in the Kitsumkalum River include steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), chinook (O. tshawytscha), sockeye (O. nerka), pink (O. gorbuscha), coho (O. kisutch), chum (O. keta), cutthroat trout (O. clarki), Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma), and mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) (MELP 1977)."

-"The Kitsumkalum River has a substantial recreational steelhead fishery."

-"The Kitsumkalum River is an important recreational angling and economic resource in Region 6, with a steelhead population that is exploited heavily. Relatively easy access, high aesthetic values, a guided angling economy, proximity to Terrace and the presence of five other species of Pacific salmon, cutthroat trout and Dolly Varden all result in a high fishing pressure."

TERRACE: https://www.terrace.ca/discover-terrace/history

[[Category:Range 5 Coast Land District]] [[Category:Regional District of Kitimat–Stikine]] [[Category:Rivers of British Columbia]] [[Category:Rivers of the Kitimat Ranges]] [[Category:Rivers of the North Coast of British Columbia]] [[Category:Skeena Country]] [[Category:Tsimshian]]

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