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LS

His Eminence Leonardo Sandri
Vice Dean of the College of Cardinals
Sandri in 2014
Appointed	18 January 2020
Predecessor	Giovanni Battista Re
Other post(s)	Cardinal-Bishop of Santi Biagio e Carlo ai Catinari
Previous post(s)	Titular Archbishop of Aemona (1997–2007) Apostolic Nuncio to Venezuela (1997–2000) Apostolic Nuncio to Mexico (2000) Substitute of the Secretariat of State (2000–2007) Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches (2007 - 2022)
Orders
Ordination	2 December 1967 by Juan Carlos Aramburu
Consecration	11 October 1997 by Angelo Sodano
Created cardinal	24 November 2007 by Pope Benedict XVI
Rank	Cardinal deacon (2007–2018) Cardinal priest (2018) Cardinal bishop (2018–)
Personal details
Born	(1943-11-18)18 November 1943 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Died	2 June 2025(2025-06-02) (aged 81)
Denomination	Roman Catholic
Motto	Ille fidelis (He remains faithful; 2 Timothy 2:13)
Coat of arms

Leonardo Sandri (18 November 1943 – 2 June 2025) was an Argentine prelate of the Catholic Church who has been a cardinal from 2007 and vice dean of the College of Cardinals from 2020. He was prefect of the Congregation for the Eastern Churches from 2007 to 2022. He served in the diplomatic service of the Holy See from 1974 to 1991 in several overseas assignments, including as a permanent observer of the Holy See before the Organization of American States from 1989 to 1991, and in Rome as Substitute for General Affairs in the Secretariat of State from 1999 to 2007.

Early life and career

Sandri was born in Buenos Aires to Antonio Enrico Sandri and Nella Righi, who had emigrated to Argentina from Ala, a village in Trentino in Italy. He studied humanities, philosophy and theology at the Metropolitan Seminary of Buenos Aires, and earned a Licentiate in Theology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina. On 2 December 1967 he was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Juan Carlos Aramburu and became his secretary.

He also served as curate of Nuestra Señora del Carmen in Villa Urquiza until 1970. He then studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University, where he obtained a doctorate in canon law, and the Pontifical Latin American College. In 1971, he entered the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, which trains papal diplomats.

Diplomat and curial official

In 1974, Sandri became an official of the Apostolic Nunciature in Madagascar and Mauritius, which also serves as the Apostolic Delegation in the islands of Comoros and Réunion in the Indian Ocean. He then served in the Vatican Secretariat of State, as secretary of the Substitute for General Affairs, including future cardinals Eduardo Martinez Somalo and Edward Cassidy from 1977 to 1989; and in the Apostolic Nunciature in the United States as permanent observer of the Holy See before the Organization of American States, from 1989 to 1991.

He became regent of the Prefecture of the Pontifical Household on 22 August 1991 and assessor of the Section for General Affairs in the Secretariat of State on 2 April 1992.

On 22 July 1997, Sandri was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to Venezuela and Titular Archbishop of Aemona by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 11 October from Cardinal Angelo Sodano, with Cardinal Aramburu and Archbishop Giovanni Battista Re serving as co-consecrators, at St. Peter's Basilica. He selected as his episcopal motto: "Ille Fidelis", meaning, "He (Christ) remains faithful" (2 Timothy 2:13). He was the first Argentinian to hold the title of Apostolic Nuncio. After two years in Venezuela, he was named Apostolic Nuncio to Mexico on 1 March 2000. During his brief tenure there he was tasked with restraining the Mexican bishops from intervening in political affairs.

Coat of arms of Cardinal Sandri

On 16 September 2000, he was named Substitute for General Affairs, a key position within the Roman Curia, serving essentially as the chief of staff of the Secretariat of State.

As Pope John Paul's health declined, Sandri would read aloud the texts that the Pope could not deliver himself. On the evening of 2 April 2005, he announced the Pope's death from Saint Peter's Square, saying "We all feel like orphans this evening."

Theodore McCarrick controversy

On 11 October 2006, while still serving in his sensitive position in the Vatican Secretariat of State, Sandri sent a letter to Father Boniface Ramsey, a New York City pastor who was a seminary professor from 1986 to 1996. Sandri did not mention McCarrick, but referred to "the serious matters involving some of the students of the Immaculate Conception Seminary, which in November 2000 you were good enough to bring confidentially to the attention of the then Apostolic Nuncio in the United States, the late Archbishop Gabriel Montalvo." Ramsey's 2000 letter was about complaints of sexual abuse of seminarians on the part of Cardinal Theodore McCarrick when he was Archbishop of Newark (1986–2000). Ramsey made Sandri's letter public on 7 September 2018 to document that his letter to Montalvo had reached Rome and that the highest levels of the Vatican had long been aware of his charges against McCarrick. By then McCarrick had resigned from the College of Cardinals, but he still faced a Church trial. In February 2019, the same month McCarrick was laicized by the Vatican, an image of Sandri's 2006 letter was published by the media; it accompanied a Commonweal article that Ramsey wrote. On 5 February 2020, journalist Thomas J. Reese cited the Sandri-Ramsey correspondence in calling for a full review of the Secretariat's files as part of the Vatican investigation into McCarrick and in order to determine who in the Vatican's highest levels knew what about the charges against McCarrick.

Congregation for the Oriental Churches

On 9 June 2007, Sandri was appointed prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches by Pope Benedict XVI. Succeeding Ignatius I Daoud, he headed the curial congregation that handles matters regarding the Eastern Catholic Churches and became the ex officio Grand Chancellor of the Pontifical Oriental Institute. Pope Francis confirmed that appointment on 19 February 2014.

Sandri visited the Holy Land in February 2008. In April 2009, he lamented the emigration of Christians from that region: "This lack of peace makes Christians emigrate and leave their land behind. So we're left with a purely geological, physical presence of Jesus, and not with the presence of those that grew with him and lived his faith, and that continue to follow him today like disciples of his very homeland." In 2014 he called for an end to the forced removal of Christians from Iraq and Syria, saying that more than 100,000 Christians had left their homes in Iraq and "now wander to the city of Erbil in impossible conditions".

One analysis of the delay in the canonization process for John Paul II pointed to, among other things, Sandri's apparent reluctance to testify in the effort.

In November 2014 the Vatican lifted its 1929 ban on the ordination of married men to the priesthood by Eastern Catholic churches outside their traditional territories, including in the United States, Canada and Australia. Sandri signed the decree on 14 June 2014.

Cardinal

Styles of Leonardo Sandri
Reference style	His Eminence
Spoken style	Your Eminence
Informal style	Cardinal

Benedict XVI created him Cardinal-Deacon of San Carlo ai Catinari in the consistory of 24 November 2007. He delivered the message of thanksgiving to the pope on behalf of the new cardinals on that occasion.

In April 2008, Sandri said that although the regime of Saddam Hussein was dictatorial, it is undeniable that Iraqi clergy and laity felt more secure under his regime and that their liturgical life went on undisturbed.

Cardinal Leonardo Sandri, 2008

He was mentioned in the press as papabile, a possible candidate for election to the papacy at the time of the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI in 2013.

Sandri was also a member of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue, Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts, Pontifical Commission for Latin America and Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State. On 2 March 2010 he was appointed a member of the Congregation for Bishops. On 31 May 2011 he was appointed a member of the Apostolic Signatura. On 12 June 2012 Cardinal Sandri was appointed a member of the Congregation for Catholic Education.

Sandri, as Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches, was named by Pope Benedict XVI as one of four co-presidents of the Special Synod of Bishops for the Middle East held at the Vatican in October 2010. He speaks English, French, German, Italian and Spanish.

In June 2005 Archbishop Sandri was awarded Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic.

He opted for the order of Cardinal Priests on 19 May 2018. Pope Francis raised him to the rank of Cardinal Bishop effective 28 June 2018. On 24 January 2020, Pope Francis approved his election as Vice Dean of the College of Cardinals by the nine Latin-rite cardinal-bishops. Pope Francis approved his election to a second five-year term as vice dean on 14 January 2025.

Pope Francis named Archbishop Claudio Gugerotti to succeed him as prefect on 21 November 2022.

Sandri died in Rome on 2 June 2025.

Bibliography

• Leonardo Sandri, La problematica del "organo" en la teoria juridica civil y canonica, Pontificia universitas gregoriana, Rome, 1978. OCLC 913279417 (doctoral dissertation)

External links

• "Sandri Card. Leonardo". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
• Salt+Light Media: Habemus Papabili – John Allen on Cardinal Leonardo Sandri on YouTube

leo

Dictionnaires de noms de famille anglais et gallois

Dictionnaires de noms de famille anglais et gallois [base de données en ligne]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2003.

JWA

John White Alexander
Alexander in 1882 or 1883
Born	(1856-10-07)October 7, 1856 Allegheny, Pennsylvania
Died	May 31, 1915(1915-05-31) (aged 58) New York
Nationality	American
Known for	Painting

Isabella and the Pot of Basil, oil on canvas, 1897, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

John White Alexander (October 7, 1856 – May 31, 1915) was an American artist who began as a commercial illustrator in the employ of xxx and became an internationally renowned painter of portraits and female figures. In the last decade of his life he executed prominent cycles of murals that celebrated historical subjects and the male figure.

His natural talent was enhanced by a short period of European study in 1870s. Ny based in 80s.?He then divided his time between Paris and New York until he settled in the later in 1901 ??.

Early life and training

John White Alexander was born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, now a part of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on October 7, 1856. Orphaned in infancy, he was reared by his grandparents. He became a telegraph boy in Pittsburgh at the age of 12. Edward J. Allen (1830–1915), the secretary/treasurer of the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company, recognized Alexander's drawing talent while he worked there and adopted him. He encouraged Alexander, with only partial success, to attend school.

Alexander moved to New York City at the age of 18 and worked briefly as an office boy and then joined the staffof the art department of Harper Brothers, publishers of such illustration-rich periodicals as Harper's Weekly and Harper's New Monthly Magazine. There Alexander produced illustrations and political cartoons alongside Edwin Austin Abbey, Charles Parsons, A. B. Frost, and Charles Stanley Reinhart. After three years, in 1877 he left for Europe to widen his experience and in October began classes at the Royal Academy in Munich. After a year of rigorous academic training, he settled in the village of Polling, Bavaria, where a colony of American artists centered on Frank Duveneck, who taught a freer style that allowed for "bravura brushwork" sometimes called the "cult of unfinish". In 1879–81 he joined Duveneck as a teaching assistant, included periods in Florence and Venice, where he met Whistler, whose proved a key influence.

Career

In 1881, he returned to New York City and quickly achieved great success in portraiture, numbering among his sitters Oliver Wendell Holmes, John Burroughs, Henry G. Marquand, R.A.L. Stevenson, and James McCosh, the president of Princeton University.

His first exhibition in the Paris Salon of 1893 was a brilliant success and was followed by his immediate election to the Société Nationale des Beaux Arts. In 1889 he painted for Mrs. Jeremiah Milbank a well-received portrait of Walt Whitman and one of her husband, Jeremiah Milbank. In 1901 he was named Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, and in 1902 he became a member of the National Academy of Design, where he served as president from 1909 to 1915. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He received the gold medals of the Paris Exposition (1900) and the World's Fair in St. Louis (1904).

In 1909 the National Arts Club presented a retrospective exhibition of his work that included 63 canvases as well as photographs of his work.

He was several times a judge at the annual exhibit of the Carnegie Institution, and in other years he won prizes, once an honorable mention and twice the first prize, the second time in 1911 for Sunlight.

He served as a trustee of the Metropolitan Museum of Art from 1909 until his death in 1915.

He was among the artists who founded the National Society of Mural Painters in 1895 and he was elected to a five-year term as its president in 1914.

Personal life

Portrait of Mrs. John W. Alexander

Alexander married Elizabeth Swan Alexander (1866–1947) on November 2, 1887, after a three-year engagement. She was the daughter of James Waddell Alexander (1839–1915), longtime executive of the Equitable Life Assurance Society. The Alexanders had one child, the Princeton mathematician James Waddell Alexander II.

Alexander died of heart disease at his home in New York City on May 31, 1915. He was buried in Princeton, New Jersey, following a church service in Manhattan.

The Cleveland Museum of Art presented a memorial exhibit that included 27 of his works during the summer of 1917.

Works

Many of his paintings are in museums and public places in the United States and in Europe, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Brooklyn Art Museum, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the Butler Institute, and the Library of Congress in Washington D.C. In addition, in the entrance hall to the Art Museum of the Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, a series of Alexander's murals titled "Apotheosis of Pittsburgh" (1905–1907) covers the walls of the three-story atrium.

Gallery

• 
  Memories, 1903, Brooklyn Museum
• 
  Manuscript Book mural, 1896, Library of Congress Thomas Jefferson Building, Washington, D.C.
• 
  Alexander H. Stephens, 1883
• 
  Repose, 1895

References

Additional sources

• Moore, Sarah J. (2003). John White Alexander and the Construction of National Identity: Cosmopolitan American Art, 1880–1915. University of Delaware Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Goley, Mary Anne (2018). John White Alexander : an American artist in the Gilded Age. London: Philip Wilson Publishers.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Mourey, Gabriel (1902). Des hommes devant la nature et la vie (in French). Paris: Societe d'editions litteraires et artistiques. pp. 173–188.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

External links

• "John White Alexander, 37 artworks [image gallery]". Art Renewal Gallery.
• "A Finding Aid to the John White Alexander papers". Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

Theresa

Alexander was a prolific illustrator, landscape and still life painter, printmaker, muralist, society portraitist, and theatrical production designer (of posters, costumes, scenes, lighting, and tableaux vivants). Charming, non-judgmental and well liked, he served as a popular public speaker, a key player in various art world institutions, and president of the National Academy of Design.

At age eighteen, Alexander and a friend navigated down the Ohio River, earning small change for sketching farmhouses and repairing daguerreotypes in December 1874. Mark Twain later said that Alexader's tales from that trip informed e most important incidents of his novel Huckleberry Finn (1884).

Goley begins the second chapter with a mention of commissions from Harper’s. Travelling 2,100 miles along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers in the spring of 1881, Alexander published sixteen drawings of the coal industry in the magazine. Goley neither describes the scenes nor reproduces any of the dozens (hundreds?) of images of current events, landscapes, and portraits Alexander produced for Harper’s and The Century magazines (the latter, “a sizable assignment”), or the political cartoons for the New York Evening Telegram (work for the latter two publications beginning in 1886) (36).

By 1883, he had published thirteen images of Yellowstone, and “a prodigious number of illustrations of distinguished men of letters and politics, this time for Harper’s, beginning with his portrait of U.S. President Arthur . . . followed by the likes of Alexander H. Stephens, Daniel Webster, Longfellow, Emerson, and Peter Cooper” (32).

she mentions “the unfettered space, the Spanish profile and the exaggerated bouffant skirt” supposedly invoked in Portrait Gris (1892) (61). Mariana, however, has cluttered space (witness the dominant drapery, chair, covered table and clock), it is a frontal portrait, and the horizontally wide skirt at the hips is supported by a Farthingale in dramatic contrast to the slender gray dress widened only at the hem by a crinoline petticoat.

A turning point in Alexander’s career came when, during a summer European sojourn in 1884, he wrote to Colonel Allen of his aspiration to make a “subject picture” (31). His painting Azalea (Portrait of Helen Abbe Howson) (1885) is his first step in that direction. Inspired by Whistler’s portrait of his mother on view in New York in 1882, it features Howson in a white dress seated on a sofa at left in a horizontally elongated canvas. The right side is balanced by a white-flowering azalea branch in a large celadon vase and a cropped, framed image. As Goley states, “It contained all the hallmarks of Alexander’s mature work—harmony of tone, a decorative female, a symbolic flower, a divan, and the visual extension of space suggested by a framed picture” (34).

Diagnosed with the grippe (severe influenza) in 1889, Alexander moved to Cornish for the summer of 1890 because his physician advised “a change of scene for a year” (45). Eschewing portraiture, his landscapes “represent a bold leap forward in terms of composition and quality of light” with high horizon lines and a higher key palette. However, Alexander then ceased painting until the summer of 1892.

Still not well after a few months, Alexander traveled with his family and nurse to Paris in May 1891, welcomed there by his mother-in-law and brother-in-law, and rented an apartment on the Right Bank. Soon he frequented gatherings of the art community as well as the literati and expatriate groups. Convinced by English artist Arthur Studd to go to the coast, he spent five months in the Breton hamlet of Le Pouldu in the summer if 1892, where he began to paint again. His seascapes there demonstrate experimentation with tight compression of space, and he took up the silhouette. Influenced by the Nabis, Alexander adopted a coarsely woven jute canvas, eventually developing, with American craft artist Sanford B. Pomeroy, a coarse canvas called Alexandre toile (according to his widow in 1928, see 60, 235, note 42).

Alexander was determined to move from standard portraiture to representing a single figure that expressed a sentiment. He achieved this by exhibiting three subject pictures at the Salon of 1893, all of women in a new decorative style, Portrait Noir, Portrait Gris, and Portrait Jaune. These adhere to Whistler’s principles of harmonious variation of color and tone. The French critic, Louis de Fourcaud, called Alexander, Edmond Aman-Jean, de La Gándara, and Ary Renan “les portraitists-tapisseurs” (portraitists-tapestry designers) because the artists’ coarsely woven canvases looked like woven tapestry. Receiving critical acclaim within weeks of the exhibition, Alexander was named an Associate of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts.

After two years in France, Alexander returned to Seabright and reverted to producing portraits in the Munich style because the commissions from his in-law’s family and his father-in-law’s business associates were lucrative. They were “his single most important source of income” (68).

seven years Alexander was primarily based in France but made frequent trips to the United States between September 1893 and October 1900. While abroad, he exhibited regularly at the Salon (such as the portrait of his close friend, the Russian Ivan Pranishnikoff in 1894) and also shipped his work to New York and multiple European countries. He earned praise as “the painter of the flowing line” (quoted on 71; citation not given.) Productive summers took place in Étretat (1894), Seabright (1895), New York (1896), Saas-Fee, Switzerland (1897), Val-de-la-Haye, France (1898), and Murnau, Germany (1899).

The most important influence on the development of Alexander’s decorative figure painting was the artist’s employment of the French model, Juliette Very, from late 1894 to 1899. A beautiful woman with long dark hair, Very was able to contort her body to hold difficult poses. Alexander might have schooled her in the use of François Delsarte’s system of expression through movement, something about which he may have been aware as early as the 1880s when he painted New York actors. In 1839, Delsarte had introduced a program of oratorical gestures that ministers, politicians, and stage performers used to communicate more effectively with audiences. In the 1880s, Steele MacKaye, an American disciple of Delsarte, championed this more natural system of gesture. Alexander featured Very in such critically acclaimed works as Portrait Jaune, Alethea, and Repos(all 1895), Peonies, Le Chat Noir, La Robe Jaune, and The Bronze Bowl (all 1896), Isabella and the Pot of Basil (1897), Le Bol Bleu (1898, which adorns the book’s jacket), A Ray of Sunlight (1898), and A Flower (1899). In his depictions of his new muse (who replaced his wife as a model, to Bess’s relief), Alexander applied Whistler’s principles of muted and harmonious coloration, as well as the bold abstract forms and flowing lines of the Nabis to his unique style. Very fills the frames with her billowing dresses (often floral-patterned) and mannered, “spring-loaded poses,” in shallow space reclining on divans, twisting around on chairs, seen from above crouching, interacting with a black cat (the Alexander family pet), or leaning on tabletops or over a cello. Alexander and/or his wife often designed Very’s loosely fitted gowns for at-home wear and to mask movement; though secured at the waist, they were uncorseted. He also excelled in the depiction of soft light through glass, water, and cloth, and was known for his manipulation of light for effect.

While based abroad, Alexander became the politically savvy Paris agent for the Carnegie International exhibition which began in 1896 as the American version of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, with foreign artists among the jurors, exhibitors, and those eligible for awards. Alexander vetted American participants, and also served as an International Awards Juror for etching and engraving. As such administrative work increasingly took his time, Alexander’s artistic output waned.

In October, 1900, he moved back to the United States for the education of his only child, his son James (b. 1888).

Alexander’s exhibitions (mostly of work produced in France), his many high-society portraits, his advocation for art education in public schools and a National Museum of Art in America, and his teaching of drawing at the Art Students League (1902–03) and life classes at the Veltin Studio for Girls (1904–05).

A remarkable late work is Portrait of Mrs. John White Alexander (1902), “one of his finest decorative pictures since Paris”, notable for the grand manner of portraiture in the manner of Gainsborough (120). Another notable piece is a Study (The Girl in the Green Gown) (ca. 1903), featuring a new muse, Anne Raynor Ward, a family friend.

ILLNESS Alexander struggled with ill health since at least the age of thirty, battling an ongoing undiagnosed condition but one that involved occasional convulsions (36). In 1903, he had another debilitating setback and relied on previously exhibited work to represent him in annuals in Philadelphia, New York, Chicago, Paris, and Boston. He was also sick for the first half of 1904 and had two throat operations in 1909.

Yet still: establishing a new studio in Onteora, New York, working on a mural commission for the Pennsylvania State Capitol, and earning a Gold medal from the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts (the institution’s highest professional achievement) for Memories (1904), a two-figure composition, one of his “last great decorative pictures” (127).

PA MURALS Alexander won a $175,000 commission to execute murals for a Carnegie Institute extension, the “largest contract to cover the largest amount of space [5,100 square feet] ever in the short history of the American mural movement” (139). Goley provides an excellent explanation of Alexander’s design featuring Andrew Carnegie as spirit of labor in Pittsburgh (The Apotheosis of Labor), and the artist’s inspirations from the work of Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Albert Besnard, and Henri Martin. For the project through February 1907, Alexander needed three studios, in Carnegie Hall, the Vanderbilt Gallery of the Fine Arts Building, and at a new place in Seabright. Working on murals for eighteen months without assistants, however, caused debilitating pain in Alexander’s lower torso.

TABLEAUX From 1908 to 1913, Alexander produced tableaux vivants for the MacDowell Club of New York, as well as other private social clubs for women. In June, 1909, he also was part of a team for a jaw-dropping pageant at Harvard University Stadium in which Maude Adams appeared as Joan of Arc in a cast of 1,300 with 60 principals before an audience of 15,000. Working since March of 1908, he was responsible for costume design, color selection, groupings of tableaux and lighting.

in 1909, Alexander had a major retrospective at the National Arts Club, was elected President of the National Academy of Art, received an honorary Doctor of Letters from Princeton University and painted a portrait of Mark Twain.

quest to secure additional exhibition space for the Academy and his many commissions, exhibitions, travels, theater collaborations with Maude Adams, among other activities, such as selling high-quality reproductions of his art.

In 1910 he traveled to Europe to learn more about theater design, study exhibition buildings abroad, and consult doctors. Back in New York, he feared secession at the Academy and shifted strategy to seek a single building that would accommodate all artistic organizations in the city in one building, lobbying repeatedly and forming a federation called the National Academy Association.

He also served as President of the progressive MacDowell Club, signed contracts for other mural commissions (for projects that were never realized), published essays, and exhibited works in such diverse locations as Buenos Aires, Rome, and Terre Haute, Indiana.

While continuing portraiture, in the summer of 1911, Alexander launched a new and final serialization of a favorite theme, that is of a dreamy atmospheric sunlight, depicting suffused interiors with light through curtained windows, as in The Ring, balancing vertical shapes and rounded forms in a new level of complexity. Alexander’s final model, Belle Edson, who worked for him for four years, was his most conventional, standing or sitting in ordinary poses.

insurgency erupted at the Academy in December 1911 as the newly formed Association of American Painters and Sculptors (AAPS). It held just one exhibition in a leased building but that International Exhibition of Modern Art, or the Armory show, in 1913 led to seismic changes in the art world.

As Alexander’s health declined, he painted less but on larger canvases.

He resigned from the Pittsburgh Arts Commission in 1914.

ggg

• Titular Archbishop of Zella (1974–2024)
• Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to New Zealand and Apostolic Delegate to the Pacific Ocean (1974–1979)
• Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to Fiji (1979)
• Apostolic Nuncio to Colombia (1979–1990)
• Apostolic Nuncio to Hungary and Moldova (1990–1997)
• Apostolic Nuncio to the Netherlands (1997–2001)

CUTLER

For the English footballer, see Eric Cutler (footballer).

Eric Cutler is an American tenor enjoys an international career on the opera stage, with occasional concert appearances. Began his career gaining experience in small roles and then quickly established in Mozart, larger bel canto repertoire and... Mid career a reorientation, centered in Europe to build a new reputation and shift to a weightier voice type, exploring roles in European houses far smaller than those in the United Stsyes, especially the German rep like Florestan and tote stadt and emperor in Die Frau Onhe Schatten.

No access but heldentenor praise at top

• https://www.sn.at/festspiele/osterfestspiele/tenor-eric-cutler-vor-der-osterfestspiel-premiere-lohengrin-verkoerpert-elsas-fantasie-119634421

Jan 24 interview

• https://klassik-begeistert.de/interview-eric-cutler-das-publikum-hat-auch-ein-recht-sich-zu-aeussern-klassik-begeistert-de-5-januar-2024/

Biography

born October 7, 1975

He is a native of Adel, Iowa. He attended the University of Northern Iowa and then transferred to Luther College. graduated??

While still in college sings in chorus, teacher Ed Andereck gets him ready during junior year, so he was a winner of the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions in 1998. at age 22

Then finished last year of college and graduated.

Cutler participated in the Metropolitan Opera's Lindemann Young Artist Development Program, joined in fall 99.

• https://www.lucernefestival.ch/en/program/directory-of-artists/eric_cutler/3986

He won the Richard Tucker Award in 2005.

• early interview where he wants to sing high, not just Mozart
• https://www.musicomh.com/features/eric-cutler/amp

Cutler made his role debut as Gounod's Roméo at Opera Australia and has since performed Nadir in Bizet's Les pêcheurs de perles there. In 2008 he returned to Opera Australia for another role debut, Edgardo in Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor, conducted by Richard Bonynge.

• https://archives.metopera.org/MetOperaSearch/record.jsp?dockey=0382007 Met Debut

Cutler made his Metropolitan Opera debut as the First Prisoner in Beethoven's Fidelio in a Jürgen Flimm production conducted by James Levine. He has since performed there many times in such roles as Tamino in Mozart's The Magic Flute and Andres in Wozzeck (both under Levine).

Italian tenor

Iopas in Les Troyens

Cutler sang the role of Arturo opposite Anna Netrebko in the Met's revival of Bellini's I puritani conducted by Patrick Summers.

• Australia in 2008
• https://australianstage.com.au/200808031729/reviews/sydney/lucia-di-lammermoor-%7C-opera-australia.html

He sang the role of the Shepherd in a production of Szymanowski's King Roger at the Opéra National de Paris in June 2009.

2012 Houston, fourth Maria Stuarda

• https://www.houstonpress.com/arts/eric-cutler-tries-to-make-two-women-happy-in-mary-stuart-6365296

He performed the Duke of Mantua in Verdi's Rigoletto in a Fenice production, for a tour in Italy which involved Reggio Emilia and Venice.

Cutler's most critically acclaimed performances have all been in Mozart operas.

These include Tamino (Metropolitan Opera, Opera Theatre of St. Louis, Glyndebourne and Edinburgh Festivals), Belmonte in The Abduction from the Seraglio (Boston Lyric Opera, Houston Grand Opera and Teatro Real Madrid) and Don Ottavio in Don Giovanni (Wolf Trap Opera Company and Santa Fe Opera).

Discussed transition, in 2017 says it's his 17th season

• https://operatraveller.com/2017/02/12/interview-with-eric-cutler/
• https://web.archive.org/web/20230530033538/https://operatraveller.com/2017/02/12/interview-with-eric-cutler/

Met Opera database

• https://archives.metopera.org/MetOperaSearch/search.jsp

Recent roles mentioned

• https://www.operaballet.nl/en/singers/eric-cutler

2024 Lied von dwr Erde in Berlin with Koln

• Peter Grimes
• https://www.olyrix.com/articles/production/5190/peter-grimes-britten-theater-an-der-wien-18-octobre-2021-critique-compte-rendu-guggeis-loy-zlabinger-leiacker-weihrauch-wilhelm-purkrabek-cutler-puchalski-eichenholz-foster-schwarz-kutrowatz-petraeva-charlesworth-faulkner-plowright-arman-mercer-jakobski
• https://operatraveller.com/2021/10/24/live-and-let-live-peter-grimes-at-the-theater-an-der-wien/
• https://www.buehne-magazin.com/a/eric-cutler-singt-peter-grimes-am-theater-an-der-wien

Chicago unfocused details

• https://www.lyricopera.org/about/company/artists-musicians/eric-cutler/

He and his German wife, soprano Julia Kleiter, REF trav interview have two children and live in Germany.

https://www.hilbert.de/en/artists/singers/tenor-2/eric-cutler/

https://web.archive.org/web/20240621144624/https://www.hilbert.de/en/artists/singers/tenor-2/eric-cutler/

Recordings

• EMI issued Eric Cutler's first solo recording featuring songs of Barber, Schumann, Hahn and Liszt, called "Lieder Recital" with pianist Bradley Moore. Opera News included it as an "Editor's Choice" in 2004.
• In 2014 Naïve released a notable recording of the original version of Wagner's Der fliegende Holländer (with Cutler singing Georg) and the first recording of Le Vaisseau fantôme by Dietsch (Cutler singing Éric), conducted by Marc Minkowski.

External links

Eric Cutler Tenor

Américo Aguiar

In July 2023, being responsible for World Youth Day 2023, he declared in an interview that the purpose of the event was not "to convert young people to Christ".

The comment sparked a wave of criticism from the faithful, members of the clergy and the media.

Zenit

• https://fr.zenit.org/2023/07/17/contexte-de-la-declaration-du-nouveau-cardinal-et-president-de-la-fondation-jmj-lisbonne/

• Pillar
• https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/the-rise-of-bishop-americo-aguiar

not full access

• https://www.la-croix.com/Religion/JMJ-nont-pas-vocation-convertir-propos-Mgr-Aguiar-suscitent-polemique-2023-07-12-1201275156

barron

• https://www.wordonfire.org/articles/barron/world-youth-day-and-converting-everyone-to-christ/

date he gave an interview

• https://www.wordonfire.org/articles/barron/when-did-conversion-become-a-dirty-word/

snippet reported who and where?

outraged comments

Context reported

said

refs

Dominique Rey

This page is about the French bishop. For the Canadian artist, see Dominique Rey (artist).

His Excellency Dominique Marie Jean Rey Comm. l'Emm.
Bishop of Fréjus-Toulon
Bishop Rey in 2013
Appointed	16 May 2000
Installed	17 September 2000
Predecessor	Joseph Théophile Louis Marie Madec
Orders
Ordination	23 June 1984
Consecration	17 September 2000 by Jean-Marie Lustiger
Personal details
Born	(1952-09-21) 21 September 1952 Saint-Étienne, France
Nationality	French
Denomination	Catholic Church
Motto	Doux et humble de Cœur
Coat of arms

Dominique Marie Jean Rey (born 21 September 1952) is the Bishop of Fréjus-Toulon in the province of Marseille in southern France. He is considered one of the more conservative French bishops. He has been criticized for ordaining priests who have failed to qualify for the priesthood in their home countries, failing to supervise religious communities he has established, and for inadequate action against sex abusers in his diocese.

• https://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/1350331bdc4.html?eng=y

Dominique Rey, of the more traditionalist-charismatic branch of the French Church.

• for a long time "explosive and untouchable"

Biography

Dominique Rey was born in Saint-Étienne on 21 September 1952, the son of Joseph and Marie (Périer) Rey; his father was a typesetter. He was one of seven siblings, and the family was centered on the Catholic faith. He studied economics and earned a tax inspector's diploma, a degree in economics at the University of Lyon, and a degree in Fiscal Economics and Finance at the University of Clermont-Ferrand. He worked for government offices related to finance and economic analysis from 1976 to 1979. In 1977 he joined an Emmanuel Community prayer group in Paris and helped build that movement in its early years. He worked in Cameroon and Chad alongside the pentecostal missionary Jacques Giraud, whom he found attractive, but he had, he later said, "Catholic DNA, a sense of interiority and ritual". He then earned a licentiate in theology and a diploma in canon law at the Catholic Institute of Paris. He was ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of Paris on 23 June 1984.

A member of the Emmanuel Community, he was chaplain of the Collège Stanislas de Paris from 1984 to 1985; vicar of Sainte Marie des Batignolles parish from 1985 to 1986; superior of the chaplaincy for the Emmanuel Community center at Paray-le-Monial from 1986 to 1988; manager of priests, deacons, seminarians, and seminarians for the Emmanuel Community from 1988 to 1995. He served as curé of Sainte-Trinité parish in Paris from 1995 to 2000.

On 16 May 2000, Pope John Paul II appointed him Bishop of Fréjus-Toulon. He received his episcopal consecration on 17 September 2000 from Cardinal Jean-Marie Lustiger. He was the first member of the Emmanuel Community to become a bishop.

On 2 May 2009, he officiated at the marriage of Jean, Count of Paris, Orleanist pretender to the French throne, and Philomena de Tornos y Steinhart in the Cathedral of Senlis, conducting part of the service in Latin using the Tridentine Rite.

On 18 September 2012, Pope Benedict XVI named Rey to participate in the October 2012 Synod of Bishops on the New Evangelization. He told the Synod that evangelization requires pastoral conversion, beginning with "personal sanctification" and deeper education to develop a new form of pastoral life that "embraces the charisms" of each constituent community and supports "the creation of places of welcome and of dialogue open to spiritual expectations". He led one of the Synod's discussion groups, which joined several others in endorsing the role of catechist for the entire Church, rather than leaving that office to a bishop's discretion.

He is the author of a book that argues that being a Catholic and a Freemason are incompatible.

In June 2013, he organized a four-day conference on liturgy at the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome focused on "liturgical reform", which attracted leading conservatives associated with the restoration of pre-Vatican II liturgies. He told an interviewer that Pope Benedict's attention to liturgy had "allow[ed] the riches of the old liturgy once again to be available freely", freeing his recent successor Pope Francis to "put his energies into making progress in other areas" while leaving liturgical reform to the dioceses and parishes.

In the fall of 2013, Rey established, in addition to a seminary program for a a diocesan order, the Missionaries of Mercy, which is specifically devoted to the pre-Vatican II liturgy, a seminary program for those attached to the celebration of the Tridentine Mass and open to seminarians sent from other dioceses.

On 6 February 2014, Pope Francis named him a consultor to the Pontifical Council for the Laity.

In August 2015, breaking with the policy of the Conference of French Bishops, he invited Marion Maréchal-Le Pen a prominent National Front (FN) member of the French parliament, to participate on a panel of politicians in his diocese. Rey defended the invitation: "The FN is a party like any other on the political chessboard. You have to be realistic, don't cover your eyes and ears!"

In July 2016, when Cardinal Robert Sarah advocated priests celebrate Mass ad orientem, facing away from the congregation as was done before the Second Vatican Council, Rey said he would advise the priests of his diocese to do so.

During the 2017 French presidential election, Rey advised voters to consider Christian principles, including fellowship with the poor, respect for the environment, respect for life, and an economy based on people's needs. He said that recognizing Europe's Christian roots requires welcoming immigrants.

More typically aligned with activists conservative "Rey... is adored by the religious right,... a supporter of La Manif pour tous, Catholic and political far right mass demonstrations against same-sex marriage legislation (and more), the Optimum “virilist” camps that promote the renewal of masculinity, or Courage sessions, close to conversion therapies."

• l'évêque, qui organise en revanche des camps de soutien à la masculinité. "On est dans une société très maternisante, on a besoin de retrouver une identité masculine sinon on va avoir des bisounours ou des bourrins".
• the bishop, who on the other hand organizes camps to support masculinity. “We are in a very motherizing society, we need to find a masculine identity otherwise we will have care bears or nags.”

• embodies a uncompromising Catholicism in which the figure of the priest remains sacred.

Seminary record

Priest recruitment gets broad publicity: Guardisn interview reprints a Le Monde interview

• defends external recruitment: Today young people select a seminary in the way they would a business school, via the internet. That approach mirrors what is happening in civil society, where people go in for networking and global exchanges.
• https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2012/06/22/la-strategie-de-l-eveque-de-frejus-toulon-contre-le-declin-des-vocations-de-pretres_1723241_3224.html (subscription)
• https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/aug/07/france-bishop-boost-priest-recruitment

2017 PR for his numbers

• Dominique Rey, a fait de son diocèse un carrefour de courants traditionnels ou charismatiques, en plus d'un havre pour jeunes prêtres.
• diocèse is: le laboratoire d'un catholicisme remusclé.

"The third largest seminary in France in terms of numbers, the Castille welcomes many young people from new communities or foreigners from far away, even from Latin America. This openness is the trademark of the episcopate of Bishop Rey, who has been present in le Var for 22 years and is a great promoter of the New Evangelization. This openness has also given rise to questions in various Roman dicasteries."

"seminary – that of La Castille, between Toulon and Hyères – where some 70 seminarians are studying."

His bad seminary track record long coverage

• https://fsspx.news/en/news/france-bishop-rey-clarifies-romes-sanctions-28243
  • His long problematic history

atest revision

Unprecedented suspension / should be easy to source https://www.liberation.fr/societe/religions/leveque-dominique-rey-sur-un-siege-ejectable-dans-le-diocese-du-var-20230213_EUBB6EM4UNBFZB7SG6MKMPXERU/?outputType=amp

The functioning of the seminary of La Castille questions the Holy See.

• https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2022/06/02/le-vatican-suspend-l-ordination-de-pretres-dans-le-diocese-de-frejus-toulon_6128725_3224.html

According to Famille Chrétienne, Jean-Marc Aveline would have “noted several points raising questions in the training and discernment of candidates from the Castile seminary”.

• https://www.lavie.fr/christianisme/eglise/pas-dordinations-dans-le-diocese-de-frejus-toulon-une-decision-romaine-et-des-questions-82689.php

Among these 4 ordinants, only one followed the seminary in Castile after having begun his training in a seminary in Paraguay closed by decision of Rome.

• https://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Diocese-Frejus-Toulon-derives-locales-sanction-romaine-2022-06-13-1201219757

La Croix editorial

• https://www.la-croix.com/Debats/Eglise-Toulon-devoir-dexemplarite-2022-06-13-1201219758

La Croix summary of seminary problem while waiting for coadjutor: "generously granting the status of “public association of the faithful” to young communities over which he was then reluctant to exercise control. . As bishop, he also welcomed many seminarians or priests who had broken ties with their traditionalist community, or whom other bishops had previously refused for the priesthood. Bishop Rey orders them, sometimes against the express advice of those close to him."

• Third largest production of priests in France by 2022.

But damning statistic: "The number of local vocations has not increased significantly. In 2023, according to the diocesan directory, the diocese has more than 60% foreign priests."

Outsiders and new communities emphasis left tradition diocesan clergy feeling out of the action

• and inability to manage, accept bad news/warnings
• perhaps worst case: Father Antoine Coelho, former Legionary of Christ, incardinated in the diocese, ended up leaving Toulon in 2022 to start a family with a Spanish woman whom he claims to be “the incarnation of the Holy Spirit.” after Rey ignored delusional exorcisms and problematic confessions

Super sloppy ordinations: "In Castile, it was not uncommon for the number of ordinations to vary at the last minute. Bishop Rey ordained seminarians who had not received training in the diocese, whom he had met shortly before, some of whom did not even speak French. There were also discreet ordinations, alongside the “official” ones celebrated in June, as candidates for the priesthood arrived. “This created a Babelization of the diocese. There is no unity between the priests, except around the figure of Dominique Rey."

Solid account of Coelho, includes Rey suspension and specifically no exorcisms

• https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/16831/french-bishop-suspends-priest-due-to-marry-holy-spirit-incarnation-

Ordinations suspended

Beginning in November 2020, at the urging of Curial officials, Jean-Marc Aveline, Archbishop of Marseille, whose ecclesiastical province includes the Diocese of Fréjus-Toulon, undertook an investigation of the diocese. As a result, Cardinal Marc Ouellet, prefect of the Dicastery for Bishops, ordered the suspension of ordinations in the Diocese, step of the rarest sort.

DELAY for a month

• https://www.famillechretienne.fr/38858/article/frejus-toulon-pourquoi-mgr-rey-a-t-il-tarde-a-annoncer-la-suspension-des

Rey announced the suspension on 2 June 2022. Though the Vatican offered no comment and Rey's announcement said only REVERSE THESE, but media reports pointed to the troubled record of the diocese seminarians and management. MULTIPLE CITATIONS

Rey responses

Late June he writes to his diocese of issues/Rome's concerns

• recruit of candidates, multiple training paths
• multiple communities and integration
• traditionalist place in diocese and seminary

he admits problems with discernment when welcoming new communities

Actions:

• a moratorium on welcoming communities, an inventory of the communities of the diocese, a strengthening of the role of the priestly council for the reception of a new priest in the diocese or of incardination” as well as a strengthening of the role of the rector of the seminary.

unclear how well executed

and personnel changes, rxcardinations (sinking ship)

all above

Late June vie chrétienne:

• https://www.famillechretienne.fr/38585/article/toulon-mgr-rey-reconnait-des-erreurs-et-annonce-de-premieres-mesures

Visitation and coadjutor

An apostolic visitation of the diocese, ordered by the Dicastery for Bishops was announced on 7 February 2023, and the investigators arrived on 13 February: Antoine Hérouard, Archbishop of Dijon, assisted by Joël Mercier, secretary of the Dicastery for the Clergy, and a Curial official since 2002. The visitation concluded on 10 March after conducting 110 interviews and reviewing 600 written submissions. Its report expressed particular concern about how communities with questionable pasts were welcomed and about the conduct of missions to convert Muslims.

On 21 November 2023, Pope Francis named Bishop François Touvet to serve as coadjutor bishop of Fréjus-Toulon and assigned him much of the authority Rey would normally have continued to exercise even when assisted by a coadjutor: "the special powers of the diocesan government in the areas of administration, management of the clergy, training of seminarians and priests, support of institutes of consecrated life, societies of apostolic life, and associations of the faithful". Rey welcomed him and said he was delighted Pope Francis had accepted his proposal that a coadjutor be appointed. Rey had a private audience with Pope Francis on 22 December.

Within the Bishop's Conference of France Rey was a member of the episcopal finance commission.l from 2017 to 2023.

Pope Francis accepted his resignation on 7 January 2025.

Distinctions

• Chevalier of the Ordre national du Mérite, France

• Prelate Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Lazarus (statuted 1910) (2017).

References

Further reading

• Rey, Dominique (2009). "Welcoming movements and new communities on the local level". Pastors and the ecclesial movements (PDF). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. pp. 109–26.

[[Category:1952 births] [[Category:Living people] [[Category:People from Saint-Étienne] [[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in France]

reign

(in office 1978–2005)

Cabo

By contrast, author Jesús María López Sotillo wrote on Religión Digital that Cobo knows Madrid far better than most of his predecessors, that Cardinal Antonio María Rouco Varela led the archdiocese for twenty years from 1994 to 2014, and that Cobo's age means "he has time to try to put into practice ... whatever idea he has of what it means to be a bishop today".

and Parish Alfonso Liguria is working class

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Cobo and the second or maternal family name is Cano.

His Eminence José Cobo Cano
Cardinal, Metropolitan Archbishop of Madrid
Cobo in 2014
Church	Roman Catholic Church
Archdiocese	Madrid
See	Madrid
Appointed	12 June 2023
Installed	8 July 2023
Predecessor	Carlos Osoro Sierra
Previous post(s)	Auxiliary bishop of Archdiocese of Madrid
Orders
Ordination	23 April 1994 by Angel Suquía Goicoechea
Consecration	17 February 2018 by Carlos Osoro Sierra
Created cardinal	30 September 2023 by Pope Francis
Rank	Cardinal Priest
Personal details
Born	José Cobo Cano (1965-09-20) 20 September 1965 Sabiote, Spain
Denomination	Catholicism
Alma mater	Complutense University of Madrid San Damaso Ecclesiastical University Instituto Redentorista de Ciencias Morales
Motto	In misericordia Tua, confidere et servire
Coat of arms

Styles of José Cobo Cano
Reference style	His Eminence
Spoken style	Your Eminence
Informal style	Cardinal

José Cobo Cano (born 20 September 1965) is a Spanish prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been serving as the archbishop of Madrid since his installation on 8 July 2023. He was an auxiliary bishop of that archdiocese from 2017 to 2023.

Pope Francis made him a cardinal on 30 September 2023.

Early life

José Cobo was born on 20 September 1965 in the municipality of Sabiote, Jaén, Andalusia, where he was baptized in the Parochial Church of San Pedro. At 7 years old he went with his parents, Agustín and Pauli, to Madrid.

He earned a licentiate degree in civil law from the Complutense University of Madrid in 1988. The same year, he entered both the Madrid Conciliary Seminary and the San Damaso Ecclesiastical University, where he completed his ecclesiastical studies. He pursued moral science at the Comillas Pontifical University from 1994 to 1996.

Priest

Cobo was ordained a priest of the archdiocese of Madrid on 23 April 1994 by Cardinal Ángel Suquía Goicoechea, Archbishop of Madrid.

He was deputy at Hermandades del Trabajo de Madrid, a Catholic evangelist and social work organization from 1994 to 1996. He was a vicar from 1995 yo 2000 and archpriest in 2000 at San Leopold parish. From 2000 to 2015, he was the parish priest of St. Alfonso María de Ligorio. He served as a member of the Presbyteral Council, a group of priests that advises the archbishop from 2000 to 2012 and again from 2015 to 2017. In 2001, he was nominated as archpriest of Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Campamento and served until 2015. He was a permanent member in the II Diocesan Synod of Madrid, a meeting focused on legislative matters, from 2002 to 2005. He episcopal vicar of the II Northeast vicariate from 2015 to 2017. He was a lecturer at Escuela de Agentes de Pastoral de Madrid from 1996 to 2000 and Centro de Estudios Sociales de Cáritas Diocesana de Madrid from 2000 to 2012.

Auxiliary bishop

On 29 December 2017, Pope Francis named Cobo one of three new auxiliary bishops of Madrid and titular bishop of Baeza. He received his episcopal consecration on 17 February 2018.

He chose as his episcopal motto In misericordia Tua, confidere et servire ("In Your mercy, trust and serve") to reflect his belief that entrusting all to God and serving are the core principles of his life. He says that these traits define his strengths and underscore his contributions to the Church and community.

Cobo wanted his ecclesiastical coat of arms to symbolize four aspects of his personal and priestly life: the Cross with the Five Holy Wounds, a representation of his faith; a bell, reflecting his role in guiding the people of God through various situations; a wash-basin, reflecting his servitude to others; and a broken wall with a star in the background, referencing the discovery of the Virgin of Almudena and his home town's patron saint, the Virgin of the Star.

While auxiliary bishop, he worked for the Spanish Episcopal Conference, responsible for the Prison Pastoral Care Department from 2018 to 2021 and a member of the Migration Department since 2019 and of the Episcopal Commission for Social Pastoral and Human Promotion since 2020.

In November 2018, a teacher at an Opus Dei school in Bilbao was discovered to have sexually abused a child from 2008 to 2010. Following the case's revelation, Cobo talked with the victim's priest, subsequently reporting the incident to the school. The school trusted his account and indicated plans to relocate the teacher abroad; Cobo strongly objected to and criticized this decision, stating that school officials lacked compassion toward the victim or their parents. Cobo also called the bishop of Bilbao's handling of the situation "shameful". The teacher was ultimately sentenced to 11 years in prison. This high-profile case led to a nationwide meeting addressing sexual abuse cases within the Catholic Church, in which Cobo participated.

Archbishop

On 12 June 2023, Pope Francis named Cobo archbishop of Madrid, replacing Carlos Osoro Sierra. He was installed there on 8 July 2023 in the Cathedral of Santa María de Vitoria. On 29 June 2023, Pope Francis, Pope Francis gave him his pallium, the ecclesiastical vestment that represents his role as a metropolitan. He was the first archbishop of Madrid not already an archbishop since Madrid became an archdiocese in 1964. He had not been included on the list of candidates (terna) proposed by the apostolic nuncio to Spain for the pope's consideration. Observers attributed his appointment to his work on social issues and his alignment with the the pope's progressive positions.

As archbishop, he was made member of the Executive Commission and the Permanent Commission of the Spanish Episcopal Conference in July 2023. That same month, Pope Francis announced plans to make him a cardinal at a papal consistory scheduled for 30 September. At that consistory he was made cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli.

In an interview at World Youth Day 2023 in Lisbon, Cobo criticized the church as being manipulated by "ideological interests" and as an instrument to win votes and reaffirm political positions. He told an interviewer that he would not officiate at a same-sex marriage and comparing the concept of sacramental same-sex marriage to celebrating the Eucharist with Coca-Cola.

See also

• Cardinals created by Francis

References

{DEFAULTSORT:Cobo Cano, Jose}

Mulakkal

Franco Mulakkal
Bishop Emeritus of Jalandhar
Archdiocese	Delhi
Diocese	Jalandhar
Appointed	13 June 2013
Installed	4 August 2013
Term ended	1 June 2023
Predecessor	Anil Joseph Thomas Couto
Orders
Ordination	21 April 1990 by Symphorian Keeprath
Consecration	21 February 2009 by Vincent Concessao
Personal details
Born	(1964-03-25) 25 March 1964 Mattam, Kerala, India
Nationality	Indian
Denomination	Latin Church
Alma mater	Annamalai University Guru Nanak Dev University Alphonsian Academy
Motto	So that in Everything God may be Glorified

Franco Mulakkal is an Indian prelate of the Latin Catholic Church. He was the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Jalandhar from 2013 to 2023 and before that an auxiliary bishop of Delhi from 2009 to 2013.

In September 2018 a nun accused him of multiple rapes. He was acquitted at trial in January 2022, though an appeal of that verdict continues. He was relieved of his duties as bishop in September 2018 while under investigation and he remained in that status until, at the request of the Holy See, he offered his resignation as bishop of Jalandhar and it was accepted in June 2023.

Biography

Early years and career

Franco Mulakkal was born in Mattam, Thrissur, Kerala, India, on 25 March 1964. His father was a schoolmaster. He attended St. Francis Boy's School in Mattam from 1970 to 1979 and the minor seminary of St. Mary's in Thrissur from 1979 to 1982. He studied philosophy and theology at the major inter-diocesan seminary of St. Charles in Nagpur, in the Archdiocese of Bombay. He also has a bachelor's degree in education from Annamalai University in Tamil Nadu, as well as master's degrees in both English literature and sociology from Guru Nanak Dev University in Amritsar.

He was ordained a priest at St. Thomas Forane Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Mattom, Thrissur, Kerala, on 21 April 1990 by Symphorian Keeprath, Bishop Emeritus of that diocese, having chosen to be a priest of the Diocese of Jalandhar out of admiration for Keeprath.

He worked as parish vicar in Dhariwal in 1990-1991; parish priest in St. Joseph's parish in Kahnuwan from 1991 to 1996; and taught at the St. John Vianney Minor Seminary, Amritsar, in 1996-1997. He earned a degree in moral theology, studying in Rome at the Alfonsianum, part of the Pontifical Lateran University, from 1997 to 2001, with a dissertation: "A Theological Investigation into the Moral Teachings of Guru Nanak from a Catholic perspective". He was professor of moral theology at Holy Trinity Regional Seminary in Jalandhar and dean of the Faculty of Theology there from 2001 to 2008. He was international treasurer of the Apostolic Union of the Clergy, based in Rome, for the year 2008-2009 and became a consultor of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue.

He founded the Charismatic Apostolate of the Diocese of Jalandhar in 2001 and served as its director until 2009. He was director of the Diocesan Pastoral Center from 2002 to 2006; editor of the diocesan magazine Sada Zamana from 2006 to 2009; national president of the Apostolic Union of the Clergy from 2003 to 2007; and international councillor of the Apostolic Union of the Clergy from 2004 to 2007. He also became public relations manager for the Jalandhar district.

Bishop

Pope Benedict XVI appointed him auxiliary bishop of the Latin rite Archdiocese of Delhi and titular bishop of Chullu on 17 January 2009. He received his episcopal consecration on 21 February 2009 from Archbishop Vincent Concessao, Archbishop of Delhi, with Archbishop Andrews Thazhath, Syro-Malabar Archbishop of Trichur, and Anil Joseph Thomas Couto, Bishop of Jalandhar, as co-consecrators. He chose as his episcopal motto "So that in Everything God may be Glorified".

Pope Francis named him bishop of the Latin rite Diocese of Jalandhar in the Indian state of Punjab on 13 June 2013. He was installed as bishop there in a ceremony held at Trinity College in Jalandhar on 4 August 2013. He became secretary of the Regional Bishops Conference of North India.

Sexual assault charges and acquittal

In June 2018, a nun accused the Mulakkal of raping her repeatedly between 2014 and 2016 during his visits to St. Francis Mission Home in Kuravilangad, Kottayam, Kerala. She filed a complaint with the Kerala Police. Press reports detailed complaints the nun had first sent to Church authorities beginning in January 2017 without response. Mulakkal said his accuser was retaliating against him for taking disciplinary action against her.

In September 2018, when summoned to Kerala to be questioned by police investigators, he appointed an administrator to manage the diocese in his absence. On 16 September he asked Pope Francis to relieve him of his duties as bishop, and the Pope responded on 20 September, appointing Bishop Agnelo Gracias, a retired auxiliary bishop of Bombay, as the temporary administrator of Jalandhar diocese.

On 21 September 2018, the Kerala police arrested him and he was formally charged on 9 April 2019.

• • • ADD

The trial began in November 2019. and concluded xxx after xxx witnesses

Mulakkal was acquitted on all charges on 14 January 2022. The judge stated that the nun's evidence contained "exaggerations and embellishments" and that "when it is not feasible to separate truth from falsehood ... the only available course is to discard the evidence in toto". It also discredited her veracity for inconsistencies between several accounts she had given. The Kerala High Court agreed to accept appeals of that verdict from the accuser and the prosecution on 5 April 2022.

Bishop emeritus

Mulakkal was never allowed to assume his authority as bishop once more. A year later, on 8 February 2023, he met privately with Pope Francis.

On 1 June 2023, Pope Francis accepted his resignation. The Apostolic Nunciature to India explained that Mulakkal had been asked to resign for the good of the diocese, to clear the way for the appointment of a new bishop. The Nunciature said that the Holy See respected both Mulakkal's acquittal and the fact that the Kerala High Court had accepted an appeal of that decision.

See also

• Catholic Church sexual abuse cases#India
• Catholic Church sexual abuse cases by country

References

{DEFAULTSORT:Mulakkal, Franco} [[Category:1964 births [[Category:Living people [[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in India [[Category:Christian clergy from Thrissur [[Category:Officials of the Roman Curia [[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Benedict XVI [[Category:Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals [[Category:Indian Roman Catholic bishops [[Category:Alphonsian Academy alumni