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Blaxit
Alamar da ba ta hukuma ba ta ƙungiyar Blaxit

Blaxit ƙungiya ce ta zamantakewa wacce ke inganta dawo da Baƙar fata / 'yan Afirka na Amirka daga Amurka da Turai zuwa Afirka.Kalmar yanzu ta haɗa da duk mutanen da ke da al'adun Afirka waɗanda ke son ƙaura zuwa Afirka saboda dalilai da yawa, gami da sabbin damar ci gaban tattalin arziki da dalilai na al'adu. Haɗe da ƙasashen Afirka waɗanda yanzu ke neman samun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙaura, an kafa ƙungiya mai girma, tare da shugaban Ghana Nana Akufo-Addo ya bayyana cewa 2019 ita ce "Shekarar Komawa" kuma daidai da sanarwarsa, ya sauƙaƙa ƙaura zuwa Ghana ga membobin al'ummomin Afirka.[1]

Kasashe irin su Saliyo, Rwanda, Benin, Ghana, da Zambia yanzu suna ba da 'yan ƙasa ga mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka waɗanda ke son da'awar zama ƙasa.[2] Benin tana motsawa don ba da 'yan ƙasa ga duk wanda zai iya tabbatar da asalin su ga Afirka.[3] Tare da sabon ci gaban tattalin arziki na yankin, ƙasashen Afirka yanzu suna aiki don samun saka hannun jari da ƙwararrun ma'aikata daga mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka da 'yan Afirka da suka yi hijira. Gwamnan bankin tsakiya na Habasha Mamo Mihretu ya yi kira ga jama'ar Habasha da su shiga cikin sabbin damar da aka samu ta hanyar sake fasalin tattalin arziki a Habasha don amfana da kansu da ƙasarsu.[4]

Tare da sanannun mutane na al'adun Afirka kamar Idris Elba suna komawa Afirka don ƙirƙirar 'Zollywood', [5] Akon yana ƙirƙirar birni nasa a Senegal da ake kira 'Akon City', [6] kuma Ludacris yana samun 'yancin Gabonese, [7] ƙungiyar tana samun sabon saka hannun jari tare da ra'ayin sanya Afirka nahiya mai tasowa.

Kalmar Blaxit an kirkireshi ne bayan Brexit ta hanyar masanin kimiyya, ɗan jarida, da kuma mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin ɗan adam Dr. Ulysses Burley III. Kalmar ta haɗu da Black da Exit don samar da Blaxit kamar yadda Brexit ya bayyana fitowar Burtaniya daga Tarayyar Turai.[8][9][10][11][12][13]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An kafa al'ummar Laberiya ne don mayar da martani ga wariyar launin fata wanda ya 'yantar da 'yancin' yan fata a cikin shekarun 1820. [1] Masanin tarihi Kevin K. Gaines ya ce kusan 15,000 'yanci da' yanci na Amurka sun yi hijira tsakanin shekarun 1820 da lokacin yakin basasa da bayan haka.[1] Sauran Baƙar fata Amurkawa sun yi hijira zuwa Kanada, wanda ya kasance "hasken 'yanci" ga Baƙar fata Amirkawa daga lokacin Yakin Juyin Juya Halin (duba: Black Loyalists), tare da daruruwan bayi masu gudu da suka yi hijira a shekara ta 1830 kuma mafi yawa suna ƙaura bayan sashi na 1850 na Dokar Bautar Fugitive . [1] Shahararren abolitionist Mary Ann Shadd ta yi hijira zuwa Kanada kuma ta karfafa wasu 'yan Afirka na Afirka su yi hijira

Fayil:Monument Dakar IMG 5008a.jpg
Abin tunawa na Renaissance na Afirka

A farkon shekarun 1900, yawancin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na baki, masu zane-zane da marubuta sun yi hijira zuwa Turai, a cikin ƙoƙari na neman damar da ba ta wanzu a Amurka ba.[1] Ira Aldridge ya bi aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a Turai saboda yana da iyakantaccen dama a Amurka.[1]

A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, lokacin da yawancin baƙar fata na Amurka suka fuskanci rayuwa a wasu ƙasashe a karon farko, da yawa daga cikinsu sun yanke shawarar kasancewa a Faransa, a cewar Gaines "inda aka bi da su da girmamawa. " [1] Gaines ya ce wannan gogewar ta haifar da kirkirar al'ummar Afirka ta Afirka a Paris da sauran manyan biranen Faransa. A wannan lokacin James Reese Turai ne ya gabatar da kiɗa na Jazz a Faransa, wanda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar soja ta Harlem Hellfighters.[1] Josephine Baker ta sami karbuwa a birnin Paris kuma daga baya ta zama 'yar ƙasar Faransa.[1] James Baldwin ya bayyana kwarewarsa a Paris, ya bambanta su da waɗanda ke Amurka.[1] Richard Wright ya kuma koma Paris, kuma Langston Hughes ya zauna a London na ɗan lokaci.[10] Nina Simone ta zauna a Faransa da kasashe da yawa na Afirka.[10] Paul Robeson ya ba da shaida ga Kwamitin Majalisar kan Ayyukan da ba na Amurka ba ta hanyar bayyana cewa a Rasha, "Na ji a karo na farko kamar cikakken mutum".[10]

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, lokacin da Ghana ta zama ƙasar Afirka ta farko da ta mallaki Sahara don samun 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1957, ƙasar ta zama mai kyau ga baƙar fata na Amurka waɗanda ke son ziyartar ta don dalilai na tafiya da ƙaura.[1] Maya Angelou da W.E.B. Dubois sun koma can.[1]

Tutar Pan-Afirka

Yunkurin Pan-Africanism, wanda ya fara a shekara ta 1897, ya girma a cikin shekarun 1950 bayan mulkin mallaka a matsayin motsi wanda ke da niyyar ƙarfafawa da ƙarfafa alaƙar hadin kai tsakanin 'yan asalin Afirka. Tunanin Pan-Afirka ya rinjayi kafa kungiyar hadin kan Afirka (yanzu Tarayyar Afirka) a 1963. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan burin da Tarayyar Afirka ta kafa don nahiyar a cikin karni na 21 shine inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci. An dauki manyan matakai don magance wannan batun musamman tare da kirkirar Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta Afirka (AfCFTA).

A cikin 2019, shugaban kasar Ghana Nana Akufo-Addo ya bayyana cewa 2019 shine "Shekarar Komawa" kuma daidai da sanarwarsa, ya sauƙaƙa ƙaura zuwa Ghana ga membobin al'ummomin Afirka.[1] A watan Yunin 2020, Ministan Yawon Bude Ido na Ghana Barbara Oteng Gyasi ta karfafa wa 'yan baƙar fata Amurkawa su yi hijira, tana cewa "Afirka tana jiran ku".[1]

Saliyo ta kafa hanyar zama 'yan kasa ga membobin al'ummomin Afirka. Tare da taimakon gwaje-gwaje na DNA, wannan hanyar zuwa zama ɗan ƙasa tana bawa mutanen da ke da Al'adun Afirka damar komawa Afirka. Masanin ilimin kwayoyin halitta Rick Kittles da Gina Page suna taimaka wa iyalai su hada abubuwan da suka ɓace ta hanyar kakannin Afirka, suna taimaka wa zuriyar bayi sama da miliyan ɗaya su warware asirin al'adun Afirka.[14]

Tsohon Afirka-Amurka da aka gani

'Yan majalisa na Benin suna kimanta wani tsari na ba da' yan ƙasa ta hanyar zuriya ga zuriyar' yan Afirka a duk faɗin duniya. Don samun 'yancin Benin, za a buƙaci masu neman su ba da shaidar al'adun su na Afirka ta hanyar takardun hukuma, shaidu masu tabbatarwa, ko gwajin DNA. Za a ba da izinin mutane masu cancanta fasfo na Benin na shekaru uku a matsayin mataki na farko a cikin tsarin amincewa, yana ba da damar yin amfani da biza ba tare da izini ba zuwa wurare 63 a duk duniya.[15]

Ghana ta yi tarihi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024 yayin da ta ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa ga mutane 524, da yawa daga Amurka ne.[16] Tare da Donald Trump ya lashe wa'adi na biyu a matsayin Shugaban Amurka a 2024, yanzu akwai karuwar motsi na Baƙar fata na Amurka da ke neman komawa Afirka saboda sauye-sauyen halayen a Amurka, da kuma amfana daga karuwar sabbin damar tattalin arziki na Afirka.[17]

Ghana ta zama kasa ta biyar a Afirka da ta aiwatar da tafiye-tafiye ba tare da biza ba ga 'yan Afirka. Shugaba Nana Akufo-Addo ya ba da izinin zartarwa don cikakkiyar manufofin tafiye-tafiye ba tare da biza ba a ranar Laraba, 18 ga Disamba, 2024. Manufar, wacce aka shirya don fara aiki a farkon 2025, za ta sanya Ghana kasa ta biyar a Afirka da za ta bude iyakokinta ga duk masu rike da fasfo na Afirka don tabbatar da hadin kan yanki. Shirin shiri ne na shekaru 10 da gwamnatin Ghana ta kaddamar don bunkasa yawon bude ido, karfafa dawowar 'yan Afirka da Ghana da ke zaune a kasashen waje, da kuma karfafa alakar tattalin arziki tare da diaspora.[18]

A cikin 2024 yawon bude ido na Afirka ya sake komawa zuwa matakan kafin annobar, nahiyar ta ga karuwar kashi 7% a cikin isowa a cikin 2024 idan aka kwatanta da 2019.[19] An ƙaddamar da matakin aiki na Yankin Ciniki na Afirka a wani bikin da ya haɗa da "kira mai daraja" tare da ƙasashe 27 da suka tabbatar da kayan aikin AfCFTA.[20]

An ba da alamar kiɗa ta Amurka Stevie Wonder 'yan asalin Ghana a ziyarar Accra, babban birnin Ghana, a watan Mayu 2024. Shugaban kasar, Nana Akufo-Addo, ya yaba da kwarewarsa da alakarsa da Afirka. "Ta hanyar ba shi 'yancin Ghana, ba wai kawai mun amince da babban baiwarsa da nasarorin da ya samu ba, har ma mun amince da zurfin alakarsa da nahiyar Afirka". Akalla baƙar fata 1,500 sun koma Ghana tun daga shekarar 2019.[21]

Dalilai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

USA Today ta ce "Baƙi bakar fata na Amurka, kamar masu hijira daga kowane irin launi da kabila, suna barin Amurka na ɗan lokaci ko na dindindin saboda dalilai daban-daban: neman ingantaccen rayuwa, samun damar aiki, aure ko ritaya a ƙasashen waje, dalilai na haraji, ko kuma don neman sabon ƙwarewa."[10] Kristen West Savali, da ta rubuta a mujallar Essence a watan Janairu na 2020, ta kwatanta Blaxit da Great Migration na bakar fata, tana cewa, "ya ƙara bayyana cewa babu ko da wani kusurwa a Amurka da ya kasance lafiya ga bakar fata."[12]

Masu rawa na Yarbawa
Titunan Afirka

Malamin jami'a Okunini Ọbádélé Kambon ya koma Ghana bayan an kama shi a birnin Chicago.[10] Yana da hannu a wani shirin Ghanar da ke ƙarfafa zuriyar Afirka su dawo gida.[22] ‘Yar kasuwa Lakeshia Ford ta koma Ghana bayan ta yi shekara guda a can cikin wani shirin musayar ilimi; ta ce a Ghana "ban damu da cewa ni bakar fata ce ba… a nan ni dai mace ce kawai."[10]

Tiffanie Drayton, wadda iyayenta suka koma daga Trinidad da Tobago zuwa Amurka tana da shekara huɗu, ta koma Trinidad da Tobago a 2013, kuma yanzu haka tana rubuta littafi mai suna Black American Refugee game da Blaxit.[10][1] Drayton ta ce tuki da ‘ya’yanta don su yi barci a Trinidad da Tobago ya sha bamban da kwarewa iri ɗaya a Amurka: "A Amurka, hannunka yana rawar jiki. Kana cikin fargaba akan abin da za ka ce. Kana cikin damuwa ko kana da takardar izini mai kyau. Kullum kana cikin fargaba."[10]

Tutar Tarayyar Afirka

Ci gaban tattalin arzikin Afirka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Agenda 2063 wani tsari ne da Tarayyar Afirka ta ƙirƙira kuma yanzu haka ana aiwatar da shi. Manufofin tsari sun haɗa da bunƙasa tattalin arziki (ciki har da kawar da talauci a cikin tsararraki ɗaya), haɗin kai na siyasa (musamman ta hanyar kafa Tarayyar Afirka ko kuma haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa), kyautata dimokuraɗiyya da shari'a, tabbatar da tsaro da zaman lafiya a nahiyar Afirka baki ɗaya, ƙarfafa asalin al'adu ta hanyar farfaɗo da Afirka da ra'ayin pan-Africanism, daidaito tsakanin jinsi, da samun ‘yancin siyasa daga ƙasashen waje.[23]

Ana tsammanin ci gaban GDP na Afirka zai kai matsakaicin 3.8% a 2024 da 4.2% a 2025.[24] Wannan ya fi matsakaicin ci gaban duniya da ake hasashe na 2.9% da 3.2%.[25]

Afirka na da matasa da yawan su ke ƙaruwa da sauri, manyan birane, da sabbin fasahohi daga kamfanonin kuɗi har zuwa makamashi mai tsafta. Ana sa ran yawan al’umma zai ninka zuwa biliyan 2.5 nan da 2050, wanda ke samar da dama mai yawa ta hanyar albarkatu da ƙarfin ɗan adam.[26] Wannan sabuwar ci gaba ta janyo hankalin ‘yan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje da kuma zuriyarsu su dawo nahiyar don cin moriyar damar.

Mai horaswa da ɗaukar ma’aikata a Lagos

AfCFTA (Yankin Ciniki Cikin ‘Yanci na Afirka) wani yanki ne na ciniki mara shinge da ya ƙunshi mafi yawan ƙasashen Afirka. An kafa shi a 2018, kuma yana da mambobi 43 da wasu ƙasashe 11 da suka rattaba hannu. Wannan shi ne mafi girma bayan WTO dangane da adadin ƙasashe da yawan mutane—miliyan 1.3 a faɗin nahiyar na biyu mafi girma a duniya.[20]

Tashar jiragen ruwa a Angola

Sabbin shirye-shirye na yankuna suna faruwa don sauƙaƙa saka jari kamar na Botswana One Stop Service Centre,[27] wanda ke nufin bayar da sabis cikin gaggawa da gaskiya ga masu zuba jari. Jamhuriyar Dimokraɗiyyar Kongo da Zambiya suna haɗin gwiwa wajen kera batir, suna sauƙaƙa dokokin hakar ma’adinai tsakanin iyakokin su don samar da yanayin saka jari mai dorewa. Africa Mining Vision, wanda AU ta ƙaddamar a 2009, na iya zama tsarin jagora ga wannan cigaba.

Afirka ta Kudu da ke da kashi 30% na manyan ma’adinan duniya,[28] ana hasashen kudin shiga daga hakar ma’adinai hudu—copper, nickel, cobalt, da lithium—zai kai dala tiriliyan 16 a cikin shekaru 25 masu zuwa.

Mashigin rairayin bakin teku a Luanda

Lekki Free Trade Zone (Lekki FTZ) wani yanki ne na ciniki mai ‘yanci da ke yankin gabashin Lekki, yana da fadin kilomita murabba’i 155. Ana sa ran zai zama sabuwar cibiyar birni da ke haɗa masana’antu, kasuwanci, gine-gine, ajiya da jigilar kaya, yawon buɗe ido, da nishaɗi.

Fasfo na Tarayyar Afirka wata takarda ce da aka tsara don maye gurbin fasfo ɗin kowace ƙasa a cikin mambobin AU, wanda zai bai wa masu shi damar tafiya zuwa kowace ƙasa 55 na Afirka ba tare da biza ba.[29]

Sabon layin dogo mai sauri na Afirka da aka shirya zai haɓaka zirga-zirga, yawon buɗe ido, da haɗin manyan biranen Afirka nan da 2030. Wannan layin dogo zai haɗa birane kamar Nairobi, Lagos, Cairo da Dakar, yana taimakawa samun damar kasuwa, haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki, da haɗin kai na yanki. Misira ta riga ta fara aikin gina nata, wanda zai kai kilomita 2,000 da ke haɗa birane 60 kuma zai zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya.[30]

Gwamnan babban bankin Ethiopia Mamo Mihretu ya bukaci diaspora na Ethiopia da su amfana da sabbin damar da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar gyare-gyaren tattalin arziki domin amfanin kansu da ƙasarsu.[4] Gyaran tsarin kuɗi na Ethiopia na nufin kawo ƙasarsu cikin tsarin ƙasashe masu matsakaicin samun kuɗi.[31]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 "Silence is Not an Option". CNN. Retrieved October 29, 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Adebayo, Bukola (November 29, 2019). "Ghana makes 126 people from the diaspora citizen as part of Year of Return celebrations". CNN (in Turanci). Retrieved August 27, 2024.
  3. ↑ Mangin, Paul-Emile; Luhan, Wolfgang (March 11, 2024). "Non-willigness to lead and social preference". doi:10.1257/rct.13041. Retrieved June 10, 2024. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Ethiopia Invites The Diaspora To Seize New Economic Opportunities". ebc.et. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
  5. ↑ "Idris Elba: Why I'm planning a move to Africa". BBC News (in Turanci). October 22, 2024. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
  6. ↑ Vera, Amir (January 14, 2020). "Akon created his own city in Senegal called 'Akon City'". CNN (in Turanci). Retrieved October 28, 2024.
  7. ↑ Digital, Standard. "14 African- American celebrities who are trooping back to Africa". Standard Entertainment (in Turanci). Retrieved October 29, 2024.
  8. ↑ "About". Ulysses Burley III (in Turanci). Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  9. ↑ "Disheartened By Racial Violence In U.S., Inspired By Brexit, He Pondered A 'Blaxit'". NPR.org (in Turanci). Retrieved October 29, 2020.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 Hjeld, Kim. "'I'm leaving, and I'm just not coming back': Fed up with racism, Black people head overseas". USA TODAY (in Turanci). Retrieved October 29, 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Sewing, Joy (October 23, 2020). "Joy Sewing: Black Americans, fed up with racism, move abroad as 'Blaxit' trends". HoustonChronicle.com (in Turanci). Retrieved October 29, 2020.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Savali, Kristen West (January 26, 2020). "Is Moving To Another Country The Answer?". Essence (in Turanci). Retrieved October 29, 2020.
  13. ↑ Oshindoro, Michael (February 22, 2019). "Blaxit and the Romanticization of Africa". Black Issues Conference.
  14. ↑ "Partners in time: Reconnecting African Americans with their tribes of origin". Africa Renewal (in Turanci). February 16, 2024. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  15. ↑ Ikani, John (May 20, 2024). "Benin Considers Citizenship For Descendants Of Enslaved Africans". Heritage Times (in Turanci). Retrieved June 14, 2024.
  16. ↑ Armstrong, Jenice (November 26, 2024). "Ghana made history last week as it granted citizenship to 524 people — some of them Philadelphians | Jenice Armstrong". www.inquirer.com (in Turanci). Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  17. ↑ PhillyInquirer (November 23, 2024). "Ghana wants Black Americans to 'come home.' Many are accepting the invitation. I went to find out why". Head Topics (in Turanci). Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  18. ↑ Ekanem, Solomon (December 26, 2024). "Ghana becomes 5th African country to implement visa-free travel for Africans". Business Insider Africa (in Turanci). Retrieved December 30, 2024.
  19. ↑ "Africa's tourism rebounds to pre-pandemic levels - UN - TRT Afrika". trtafrika.com (in Turanci). Retrieved January 25, 2025.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Operational Phase Of The African Continental Free Trade Area Launched | African Union". au.int. Retrieved January 25, 2025.
  21. ↑ "'This is where I should be': 1,500 Black Americans make Ghana their new home". The World from PRX (in Turanci). September 7, 2022. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
  22. ↑ Coleman, Colette (February 16, 2024). "Blaxit: Tired of Racism, Black Americans Try Life in Africa". The New York Times (in Turanci). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
  23. ↑ "Goals & Priority Areas of Agenda 2063".
  24. ↑ "Regional Economic Outlook for Sub-Saharan Africa, April 2024 | A Tepid and Pricey Recovery". IMF (in Turanci). Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  25. ↑ "Africa dominates list of the world's 20 fastest-growing economies in 2024—African Development Bank says in macroeconomic report". February 16, 2024.
  26. ↑ "Reimagining Africa's economic growth | McKinsey". www.mckinsey.com. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
  27. ↑ "BITC - Welcome". BITC Website. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  28. ↑ Chen, Wenjie; Laws, Athene; Valckx, Nico. "Harnessing Sub-Saharan Africa's Critical Mineral Wealth". IMF (in Turanci). Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  29. ↑ Philpot, Lorne (January 8, 2021). "Single passport for Africa set to become reality in 2021". The South African (in Turanci). Retrieved December 15, 2024.
  30. ↑ "Africa's New £7 Billion High-Speed Rail Network to Revolutionize Travel, Boost Tourism, and Connect Key African Capitals by 2030: New Travel Updates You Need to Know - Travel And Tour World" (in Turanci). December 27, 2024. Retrieved December 30, 2024.
  31. ↑ {{Cite web |title=Ethiopia’s financial reforms open path to lower-middle-income status, Mamo Mihretu says |url=https://www.theaf...
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