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Confucius

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Confucius
Rayuwa
Cikakken suna 孔丘
Haihuwa Qufu (en) Fassara, 551 "BCE"
ƙasa Lu (en) Fassara
Harshen uwa Historical Chinese (en) Fassara
Mutuwa Si River (en) Fassara, 479 "BCE"
Makwanci Cemetery of Confucius (en) Fassara
Yanayin mutuwa Sababi na ainihi
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi Shuliang He
Mahaifiya Yan Zhengzai
Abokiyar zama 亓官氏 (mul) Fassara
Yara
Ahali Meng Pi (en) Fassara
Karatu
Harsuna Old Chinese (en) Fassara
Sinanci
Ɗalibai
Sana'a
Sana'a mai falsafa, Malami da marubuci
Wurin aiki Lu (en) Fassara
Muhimman ayyuka Analects (en) Fassara
Fafutuka Konfushiyanci
Imani
Addini Konfushiyanci
IMDb nm0174595

[1]

Confucius shi ne daya daga cikin manyan ‘yan [2][3][4] na duniya, kuma shi ya kago darikar Confucius.[5][6][7] Dakin ibada da gida da kabari da aka gina don tunawa da Confucius su ne alamar da sarakunan kasar Sin suka kafa a shekaru dubu 2 da suka shige don nuna ban girma ga Confucius da darikar Confucius.[8][9][10] Suna da muhimmin matsayi a cikin tarihin kasar Sin da al’adun gabashin duniya.[11][12][13]

Dakin ibada na Confucius da gidan Confucius da kabarin Confucius suna garin Confucius wato birnin Qufu na lardin Shandong a gabashin kasar Sin.[14][15][16]

Ana kira Dakin ibada na Confucius dakin ibada na farko a kasar Sin.[17][18][19] A shekara ta 478 na kafin haifuwar Anabi Isa, wato shekara ta biyu bayan rasuwar Confucius, sarkin kasar Lu ya gina tsohon gidansa da ya zama dakin ibada, an ajiye tufafinsa da kayayyakinsa.[20][21][22] A wancan lokaci, dakuna uku kawai.[23][24][25] Daga bisani kuma al’adun darikar Confucius ya zama al’adun gaske na kasar Sin,[26][27][28] sarakunan kasar Sin sun yi ta habaka dakin ibada na Confucius, har sun zama manyan dakuna masu kayatarwa.[29][30][31][31] Ya zuwa farkon karni na 18, sarki Yongzheng na szarautar Qing ya ba da umurnin gyara dakin ibada bisa babban mataki, har ya zama irin salon da mu ke gani.[32][33][34]

Tsawon Dakin ibada na Confucius daga kudu zuwa arewa ya kai mita dubu daya, fadinsa ya kai muraba’in kilomita dubu 100, akwai dakuna kusan 500,[35][36][37] girmansa yana bayan tsohuwar fada ta Beijing kawai. Lallai misalin koyo ne ga dakunan ibada na kasar Sin.

An gina dakin ibada na Confucius ne bisa fasalin fadar sarki.[38][39][40] Yana da kuma wani layin tsakiya na daga kudu zuwa arewa, an gina manyan dakuna a kan wannan layin tsakiya, kuma an gina dakuna a gefuna biyu na wannan layi.[41][42][43] Dakin ibada na Confucius yana da hawa 9, da farfajiya 9, babban gini mai suna Dacheng yana da fadin dakuna 9. Da ma sai sarki yana da ikon yin amfani da 9 don gina fadar sarki, idan farar hula su gina gida mai dakuna 9, to ya taka doka ke nan, za a yanke masa hukuncin kisa, amma dakin ibada na Confucius halal ne.[44][45][46] An gina babbar kofar dakin ibada na Confucius ne bisa tsarin fadar sarki, wato hawa 5.[47][48][49]

Babban daki mai suna Dacheng shi ne cibiyar dakin ibada na Confucius, tsawonsa ya kai mita 30, fadinsa daga gabas zuwa yamma ya kai fiye da mita 50, kuma an gina rawayen rufi,[50][51][52] yana da kayatarwa irin na fadar sarki. A gaban babban dakin nan kuma akwai manyan ginshikan duwatsu 10 da aka yi sassakar dodo, irin kyaunsa ya kai fiye da na tsohuwar fada.[53][54][55]

A cikin dakin ibada na Confucius kuma an ajiye manyan duwatsu fiye da dubu 2 da aka sassaka bayani. Duwatsun da aka sassaka bayanonin da sarakuna suka rubuta sun kai fiye da 50, wannan sosai ya shaida matsayi mai daukaka na Confucius a kan tarihin kasar Sin.[56][57][58]

Gidan Confucius yana dab da dakin ibada na Confucius, wato gida ne na jikokin Confucius. Shi ne babban gidan da ke bayan fadar sarki kawai.[59][60][61]

An fara gina gidan Confucius ne a sarautar Song wato a karni na 12, fadinsa ya kai muraba’in mita dubu 50, gidan nan yana da dakuna kusan 500.[62][63][64] Gidan Confucius yana da salon musamman, a gaban gidansa dakuna ne na yin harkokin gwamnati, a baya kuma dakuna ne na zaman yau da kullum.[65][66][67] Irin dakunan karbar baki suna da surar sarautar Ming da Qing. A cikin gidan Confucius akwai takardun tarihi da tufafi da kayayyaki na zamanin da masu daraja da yawa.[68][69][70]

Kabarin Confucius kabarin musamman ne da aka binne jikokin Confucius, shi ne kabarin da ya fi girma da ya fi dade a duniya.[71][72][73] An yi amfani da wurin nan don binne jikokin Confucius har cikin shekaru dubu 2 da 500, fadinsa ya kai muraba’in kilomita 2,[74][75][76] akwai karburbura fiye da dubu 100 na jikokin Confucius, kuma an kafa duwatsu fiye da dubu 5 da aka sassaka bayanoni.[77][78][79]

Kabarin Confucius yana da amfani kwarai a wajen bincike ci gaban siyasa da tattalin arziki da al’adu da jana’iza na zamani daban daban na kasar Sin.[80][81][82]

Dakin ibada da gida da kabari na Confucius sun shahara a duk duniya ba sabo da kayayyakin al’adu masu dimbin yawa kawai ba,[83][84][85] kuma sabo da halitattun abubuwa.[86][87][88] Misali a wurin nan akwai tsofaffin itatuta fiye da dubu 17 wadanda ke shaida dadadden tarihi na darikar Confucius, kuma suna da amfani kwarai a wajen bincike yanayi da halita na tsohon zamani.[89][90][91]

Dakin ibada da gida da kabari na Confucius suna da kayayyakin al’adu da yawa, kuma da dadadden tarihi, sabo da haka suna da babbar daraja a wajen bincike kimiya da fasaha.[92][93][94] A shekara ta 1994, kwamitin kayayyakin gado na duniya na kungiyara UNESCU ya nada dakin ibada da gida da kabari na Confucius da ya zama kayayyakin gado na duniya.[95][96]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Burgan, Michael (2008). Confucius: Chinese Philosopher and Teacher. Capstone. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7565-3832-3. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  2. ↑ https://iep.utm.edu/confucius/
  3. ↑ Creel 1949, p. 25
  4. ↑ Huang 2013, p. 3
  5. ↑ "The Life and Significance of Confucius". www.sjsu.edu. Archived from the original on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2017
  6. ↑ Rainey 2010, p. 16.
  7. ↑ Legge 1887, p. 260
  8. ↑ Chan 1969, p. 15–17
  9. ↑ Legge 1887, p. 259
  10. ↑ Yao 1997, p. 29.
  11. ↑ "Unthinkable: Which 'golden rule' of ethics is best, the Christian or Confucian?". The Irish Times. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  12. ↑ Yao 2000, p. 23.
  13. ↑ Rainey 2010, p. 66
  14. ↑ Mark, Joshua J. "Confucianism". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2020
  15. ↑ Creel 1949, p. 26
  16. ↑ Eno concludes of Confucius's ancestry that the descent from Song nobility has been constructed to serve an ideological purpose. However he rejects the stronger statement that Confucius's immediate parentage is also fabricated, as proposed by Creel and Jensen. p. 409
  17. ↑ Huang 2013, p. 4.
  18. ↑ Schuman, Michael (2015). Confucius: And the World He Created. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-04057-5. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017.
  19. ↑ The Philosophers of the Warring States". Khan Academy. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023
  20. ↑ Nivison 1999, p. 752
  21. ↑ Huang 2013, pp. 4–5
  22. ↑ Dubs 1946, pp. 274–276.
  23. ↑ Wang, Dave. "Benjamin Franklin and China" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  24. ↑ Ginsberg and China". 9 September 2017. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  25. ↑ Holton, Gerald (June 1986). "Niels Bohr and the Integrity of Science: Integrity in science involves not merely the avoidance of dishonorable behavior but also some principles of action that are exemplified in the life and work of Niels Bohr". American Scientist. 74 (3): 237–243. JSTOR 27854096. Archived from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  26. ↑ Chan, Tsz Shan (January 2011). "Visions of Enlightenment: Aspects of Buddhism in Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and Gary Snyder" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  27. ↑ Jackson, Brian (September 2010). "Modernist Looking: Surreal Impressions in the Poetry of Allen Ginsberg". Texas Studies in Literature and Language. 52 (3): 298–323. doi:10.1353/tsl.2010.0003. JSTOR 40928069. S2CID 162063608. Archived from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  28. ↑ Burstein, Andrew (October 2007). "Review: Jefferson in Confucian Relief". William and Mary Quarterly. JSTOR 25096753. Archived from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  29. ↑ Wilkinson 2015, p. 133
  30. ↑ 宥坐. 荀子 [Xunzi] (in Literary Chinese). 孔子為魯攝相，朝七日而誅少正卯。門人進問曰：「夫少正卯魯之聞人也，夫子為政而始誅之，得無失乎，」孔子曰：「居，吾語女其故。人有惡者五，而盜竊不與焉。一曰心達而險；二曰行辟而堅；三曰言偽而辯；四曰記醜而博；五曰順非而澤。此五者，有一於人，則不得免於君子之誅，而少正卯兼有之。故居處足以聚徒成群，言談足飾邪營眾，強足以反是獨立，此小人之桀雄也，不可不誅也。是以湯誅尹諧，文王誅潘止，周公誅管叔，太公誅華仕，管仲誅付里乙，子產誅鄧析、史付，此七子者，皆異世同心，不可不誅也。詩曰：『憂心悄悄，慍於群小。』小人成群，斯足憂也。」
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Dubs 1946, p. 277.
  32. ↑ Creel 1949, pp. 35–36; Dubs 1946, pp. 277–278.
  33. ↑ Bonevac & Phillips 2009, 40.
  34. ↑ Zhou, Haiwen (2011). "Confucianism and the Legalism: A model of the national strategy of governance in ancient China" (PDF). Frontiers of Economics in China. 6 (4): 616–637. doi:10.1007/s11459-011-0150-4. ISSN 1673-3444.[better source needed]
  35. ↑ Gardner 2014, p. 36-37
  36. ↑ Violatti, Cristian (31 August 2013). "Confucianism". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 18 August 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  37. ↑ Dubs 1946, pp. 278–279; Chin 2007, p. 30.
  38. ↑ Dubs 1946, p. 279.
  39. ↑ Koto from the series The Six Arts in Fashionable Guise". Cleveland Museum of Art. 21 January 2024.
  40. ↑ Kirkendall, Jensen Armstrong (14 December 2017). "The Well Ordered Heart: Confucius on Harmony, Music, and Ritual" (PDF). Azusa Pacific University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  41. ↑ Dubs 1946, p. 279; Chin 2007, p. 30.
  42. ↑ Davis, Albert Richard, ed. (1970), The Penguin Book of Chinese Verse, Baltimore: Penguin Books
  43. ↑ Confucius, The Analects – 17". 13 December 1901. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  44. ↑ Riegel 1986, p. 13.
  45. ↑ Cai, Zong-qi (July 1999). "In Quest of Harmony: Plato and Confucius on Poetry". Philosophy East and West. 49 (3): 317–345. doi:10.2307/1399898. JSTOR 1399898.
  46. ↑ Durant, Will (1954). Our Oriental Heritage: Being a History of Civilization in Egypt and the Near East to the Death of Alexander, and in India, China and Japan from the Beginning to Our Own Day; With an Introduction, on the Nature and Foundations of Civilization. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 723.
  47. ↑ Dubs 1946, pp. 280–281
  48. ↑ Knechtges & Shih 2010, p. 645
  49. ↑ Kim & Csikszentmihalyi 2010, p. 25
  50. ↑ Nylan & Wilson 2010, p. 17
  51. ↑ Ames, Roger T.; Hall, David L. (2001). Focusing the Familiar: A Translation and Philosophical Interpretation of the Zhongyong. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-8248-2460-0.
  52. ↑ Dubs, Homer H. (1938). "The Victory of Han Confucianism". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 58 (3): 435–449. doi:10.2307/594608. JSTOR 594608.
  53. ↑ Nylan & Wilson 2010, p. 17
  54. ↑ Confucianism". National Geographic Society. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023
  55. ↑ Chan 1969, p. 22, 252–259
  56. ↑ Nylan & Wilson 2010, p. 11–23
  57. ↑ Oldstone-Moore 2003, p. 18.
  58. ↑ Oldstone-Moore 2023, p. 153
  59. ↑ Gardner 2014, p. 70.n
  60. ↑ Huang 2013, pp. 27–28
  61. ↑ Van Norden 2011, p. 86
  62. ↑ Chan 1969, p. 17
  63. ↑ Intorcetta, Prospero; et al., eds. (1687), Confucius Sinarum Philosophus, sive, Scientia Sinensis Latine Exposita [Confucius, Philosopher of the Chinese, or, Chinese Knowledge Explained in Latin], Paris: Daniel Horthemels. (in Latin)
  64. ↑ Parker 1977, 25
  65. ↑ 孔林_曲阜文博网". yx.qfwbw.cn. Archived from the original on 27 September 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  66. ↑ Noël, François, ed. (1711), Sinensis Imperii Libri Classici Sex [The Six Classic Books of the Chinese Empire], Prague: Charles-Ferdinand University Press, archived from the original on 14 July 2020, retrieved 13 May 2020. (in Latin)
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  68. ↑ Oldstone-Moore 2003, p. 34–37
  69. ↑ Van Norden 2011, pp. 214–216
  70. ↑ Lin, Shen-yu (2005). "The Tibetan Image of Confucius" (PDF). Revue d'Études Tibétaines (12): 105–129. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2017.
  71. ↑ "Asian Topics on Asia for Educators || The Book of Songs and China's Literary Tradition"
  72. ↑ Ahmad n.d.
  73. ↑ SHAKING THE TREE: Kundalini Yoga, Spiritual Alchemy, & the Mysteries of the Breath in Bhogar's 7000". www.alchemywebsite.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  74. ↑ "Kamala Muni Siddhar @ Kalangi Nathar @ Kanja Malai Siddhar 5.1". www.mail-archive.com. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  75. ↑ Berger, Peter (15 February 2012). "Is Confucianism a Religion?". The American Interest. Archived from the original on 17 August 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  76. ↑ R. N. Hema (December 2019). Biography of the 18 Siddhars (Thesis). National Institute of Siddha. Archived from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  77. ↑ Chan 1969, p. 14–15.
  78. ↑ 18 Siddhars". www.satsang-darshan.com. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  79. ↑ IAU Minor Planet Center Archived 2022-01-21 at the Wayback Machine. International Astronomical Union Minor Planet Center. Accessed 12 September 2018
  80. ↑ Smith, D. Howard (September 1958). "Chinese Concepts of the Soul". Numen. 5 (3). Brill: 165–179. doi:10.2307/3269371. JSTOR 3269371.
  81. ↑ Feng Youlan (1948). Bodde, Derk (ed.). A short history of Chinese philosophy: a systematic account of Chinese thought from its origins to present day. New York: The Free Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-684-83634-8.
  82. ↑ Y., L. S. (1949). "Review of Confucius, The Man and The Myth". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 12 (3/4): 537–540. doi:10.2307/2718104. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 2718104.
  83. ↑ Chan 1969, p. 36
  84. ↑ Fung 1952, pp. 47–49.
  85. ↑ Shen 2013, p. 86.
  86. ↑ Confucius (2014). Nylan, Michael (ed.). The analects: the Simon Leys translation, interpretations. Translated by Leys, Simon. New York, NY: W. W. Norton. pp. Note to Chapter 10, Line 10.17. ISBN 978-0-393-91195-4.
  87. ↑ Creel 1949, p. 30
  88. ↑ Shen 2013, p. 87
  89. ↑ Gardner 2014, p. 19-22
  90. ↑ Shen 2013, p. 88.
  91. ↑ Creel 1949, p. 32
  92. ↑ Creel 1949, p. 33.
  93. ↑ Allinson, Robert E. (December 1998). "Complementarity as a Model for Eastwest Integrative Philosophy".
  94. ↑ Gardner 2014, p. 25-29
  95. ↑ Fung 1952, pp. 74–76
  96. ↑ Christianity and Confucianism: Culture, Faith and Politics. London, England: Bloomsbury Publishing. 2020. p. 382. ISBN 9780567657688. Archived from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
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