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Faransa

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Faransa
République française (fr)
France (fr)
Flag of France (en) Coat of arms of France (en)
Flag of France (en) Fassara Coat of arms of France (en) Fassara

Take La Marseillaise (en) Fassara (4 Oktoba 1958)
Kirari «Liberté, égalité, fraternité (en) Fassara»
Suna saboda Franks (en) Fassara
Wuri
Map
 47°N 2°E / 47°N 2°E / 47; 2
Babban birni Faris
Yawan mutane
Faɗi 68,373,433 (2024)
• Yawan mutane 106.2 mazaunan/km²
Harshen gwamnati Faransanci
Labarin ƙasa
Bangare na Yammacin Turai, Pyrenees–Mediterranean Euroregion (en) Fassara, Tarayyar Turai da European Economic Area (en) Fassara
Yawan fili 643,801 km²
• Ruwa 0.3 %
Wuri a ina ko kusa da wace teku English Channel (en) Fassara, Tekun Atalanta, North Sea (en) Fassara da Bahar Rum
Wuri mafi tsayi Mont Blanc (en) Fassara (4,808.72 m)
Wuri mafi ƙasa Étang de Lavalduc (en) Fassara (−10 m)
Sun raba iyaka da
Ispaniya
Andorra
Beljik
Luksamburg
Jamus
Switzerland
Italiya
Monaco
Brazil
Suriname
Kingdom of the Netherlands (en) Fassara (10 Oktoba 2010)
Bayanan tarihi
Mabiyi Kingdom of France (en) Fassara, Rauracian Republic (en) Fassara, Republic of Bouillon (en) Fassara, Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune (en) Fassara da Kingdom of Bora Bora (en) Fassara
Ƙirƙira ga Augusta, 843:  (Treaty of Verdun (en) Fassara)
Ranakun huta
Easter Monday (en) Fassara (Easter + 1 day (en) Fassara)
Victory in Europe Day (en) Fassara (May 8 (en) Fassara)
Feast of the Ascension (en) Fassara (Easter + 39 days (en) Fassara)
Whit Monday (en) Fassara (Easter + 50 days (en) Fassara)
Bastille Day (en) Fassara (July 14 (en) Fassara)
Assumption of Mary (en) Fassara (August 15 (en) Fassara)
All Saints' Day (en) Fassara (November 1 (en) Fassara)
Armistice Day (en) Fassara (November 11 (en) Fassara)
Kirsimeti (December 25 (en) Fassara)
International Workers' Day (en) Fassara (May 1 (en) Fassara)
New Year's Day (en) Fassara (January 1 (en) Fassara)
Good Friday (en) Fassara (Easter − 2 days (en) Fassara)
Tsarin Siyasa
Tsarin gwamnati semi-presidential system (en) Fassara
Majalisar zartarwa Government of the French Republic (en) Fassara
Gangar majalisa French Parliament (en) Fassara
• President of the French Republic (en) Fassara Emmanuel Macron (14 Mayu 2017)
• Firaministan Jamhuriyar Faransa François Bayrou (13 Disamba 2024)
Majalisar shariar ƙoli Court of Cassation (en) Fassara
Ikonomi
Nominal GDP (en) Fassara 2,957,879,759,264 $ (2021)
Budget (en) Fassara 455,200,000,000 € (2023)
Kuɗi euro (mul) Fassara
Bayanan Tuntuɓa
Kasancewa a yanki na lokaci
Suna ta yanar gizo .fr (mul) Fassara, .bzh (mul) Fassara, .re (mul) Fassara, .wf (mul) Fassara, .yt (mul) Fassara, .pm (mul) Fassara, .paris (mul) Fassara da .alsace (mul) Fassara
Tsarin lamba ta kiran tarho +33
Lambar taimakon gaggawa *#06#, 15 (en) Fassara, 17 (en) Fassara, 18 (en) Fassara da 114 (en) Fassara
Lambar ƙasa FR
NUTS code FR
Wasu abun
Yanar gizo service-public.fr
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Tutar faransa

Faransa (na dogon lokaci a Faransa: Jamhuriyar Faransa)[1][2][3] ƙasa ce da ta tashi daga Yammacin Turai zuwa Tekun Atlantika (tare da Guadeloupe, Martinique,[4][5][6] Saint-Pierre da Miquelon, da sauransu, france, Saint Martin, Faransa, Saint Barthelemy) Tekun Pacific (tare da tsibiran Clipperton, Faransa Polynesia, Wallis da Futuna, New Caledonia),[7][8][9] da, Tekun Indiya (tare da Tsibirin Reunion da Mayotte Island), da Antarctica (tare da filayen Antarctica da Adelaide Earth) da Kudancin Amurka (tare da Guiana na Faransa).[10][11][12] Faransa tana da iyakokin ƙasa tare da ƙasashe (11): Belgium, Luxembourg, Jamus, Switzerland, Italiya, Monaco da Monaco, Andorra da Spain a Turai,[13][14][15] Faransa, Faransa, Spain, Suriname da Brazil a Kudancin Amurka da Netherlands a tsibirin Holy.[16][17][18] Martin. Tana da manyan hanyoyin ruwa a tekun Atlantika, Tekun Pacific, Tekun Indiya, Bahar Rum da Channel musamman,[19][20][21] wannan yana ba shi damar amfana daga yankin tattalin arziki na biyu mafi girma a duniya (a bayan Amurka).[22][23][24] Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da Jamhuriyar ta Biyar a (1958) Faransa ta kasance jamhuriya mai zaman kanta tare da kundin tsarin mulki. Babban birninta shine Paris da yaren Faransanci.[25][26][27] Kudinsa na hukuma shine Yuro (tun 2002) kuma yana da yawan jama'a miliyan (68).[28][29][30]

France location map-regions and department-2016
Wasu gine ginen faransa
Dumbin Al'ummar Faransa
Faransa

Faransa tana da cikakken yanki na (672,051 km2) (ba ta kirga ƙasar Adelie ba saboda ta ce) ta mai da ita ƙasa ta (41) dangane da yankin.[31][32][33] Faransa wani ɓangare ne na cibiyoyin Turai da na duniya da yawa ciki har da Tarayyar Turai, (wanda ke ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka kafa), North Atlantic Alliance (NATO), da sauransu , ko Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN)[34][35][36] wanda memba ne na dindindin a Kwamitin Tsaro. Tsarin mulkin Faransa ta nuna Kasar ta boko ce da ta dimokaradiyya wanda sarautarsa na samowa daga jama’ar.[37][38][39]

Dangane da yawon shakatawa, Faransa ita ce ƙasar da ta ziyarci duniya , musamman godiya ga bambancin shimfidar wurare (na birnin Paris da kuma sanannun abubuwan tunawa kamar Hasumiyar Eiffel, Montmartre, Notre-Dame de Paris, da sauransu ,[40][41][42] Champs-Elysees ko Arc de Triomphe a Fadar Versailles ta hanyar filayen Provencal lavender, gonakin inabin Bordeaux da Grand Est, kasuwannin Kirsimeti na Alsatian, da , rairayin bakin teku masu Riviera na Faransa da Corsica,[43][44][45] waɗanda ke saukowa daga Yaƙin Duniya na biyu a Normandy, ginin Loire, gandun daji na Amazon a Guyana, da sauransu , volcanoes na Auvergne, wuraren hakar ma'adinai na arewa, vestiges na masana'antu wanda ya san arewacin Faransa a karni na XIXe ko Brittany)[46][47][48] da kuma gastronomy , mashahuri a duk duniya a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyau a duniya. Faransa tana daya daga cikin shugabannin duniya a bangarori da dama da suka hada da abinci, aeronautics, motoci, yawon shakatawa, da sauransu,[49][50][51] makaman nukiliya ko alatu (alamomin alatu da yawa kamar su Louis Vuitton, Hamisa, Dior, Chanel, cartier da sauransu Faransawa ne).[52][53][54] Yana nuna matsayin "mai girma" na rayuwa akan darajar IDH.

A fagen soja, ita ce babbar rundunar soja ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya kuma tana da makaman nukiliya.[55][56][57]

A zamanin dá, wanda yanzu alkaryar Faransa ne dá tana da mutanen Gaul, kananan mutane.[58][59][60] Daular Romawa sun ci mutanen Gaul da yaki a shekara ta (51) BC kafin zuwan Kiristi, wanda ta rike Gaul zuwa shekaru (486).[61][62][63] Mutanen Gaul ta Roma sun fuskanci hare-hare da kaurace-kaurace daga ýan Faransa ta Jamus wanda sun mamaye yankin shekaru aru-aru, daga baya suna kafa Daular Faransa na dá.[64][65][66] Faransa ta fito muhimi wajen mulki na Turai a shekaru na karshe ta tsakiya, da nasararta cikin shekaru dari na yaki (1337 zuwa shekara ta 1453)[67][68][69] wanda ta karfafa ginin Kasar Faransa da ba da dama na gaba a mulukiya innanaha na tsakiya.[70][71][72] A cikin lokacin farfadowa, Faransa ta fuskanci cin gaban al’adu makake da farkon kafuwar Daular mulkin mallaka na zamani. Yakin basasa na addini tsakanin ýan Katolika da ýan Furotesta, ta mamaye karni na goma sha shida (16th).[73][74][75]

Faransa ta mamaye Turai wajen a’adu, da siyasa da mulkin soja kalkashin Louis.[76][77][78] Masu ilimin falfasa sun taka rawa mai kyau a lokacin wayewan kai a karni na goma sha takwas (18th), an hambarar da mulukiya a juyin mulkin Faransa. A cikin gadonta da bayanin hakkin ‘dan Adam da na ‘dan Kasa,[79][80][81] daya daga cikin takardu na hakkin ‘dan Adam, wanda tana bayyana cewa Kasar ta dace har wa yau. Faransa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin tarihin zamani a jamhuriya na farko sai da Napoliya ya hawo mulki sai ya kafa Daula ta farko na Faransa a shekara alif ɗari takwas da huɗu (1804).[82][83][84] Ya dingi fada da rikitattun gwiwa cikin lokacin yake-yaken Napoliya, ya mamaye harkokin Turai fiye da shekaru goma wanda ya shafa al’adun Turai na tsawon lokaci.[85][86][87] Faransa ta jimre hayaniyar gadon gwamnatoci a faduwar Daular, mulukiyar ta gyaru. An mayar da shi a shekara ta alif dari takwas da talatin(1830)[88][88][89] bisa dokan mulukiya, sannan a gurguje a jamhuriya ta biyu, kuma a Daula ta biyu har zuwa kafuwar jamhuriyar farasanci na uku mai karfi a shekara ta (1870)[90][91][92] Jamhuriyar farasanci sun yi rikice-rikice da Ikilisiyar Katolika don rashin wa`azin addinin kirista a faransa a lokacin juyin mulkin farasanci a kafuwar dokar Laicité na shekarar (1905) Laicité ya yi tsamani amma haryar cimma buri ne na boko wanda shi ne muhimmin dokan gudanarwa a zamanin yau na hukumar faransanci.[93][94][95]

Faransa
Yakin duniya na biyu

Faransa ta kai tsawo na yankinta cikin karni na sha tara (19) da farkon karni na ashirin (20), zuwa karshe, ta mallaki babban Daula ta biyu na mulkin mallaka a duniya.[96] A yakin Duniya na farko, Faransa ta zo daya daga cikin masu nasara a cikin ninka sau uku tsakanin Kasashe kawance fadan yaki da mulkin tsakiya. Faransa dá kuma daya ne cikiin masu iko a Yakin Duniya na biyu, amma ta zo a kalkashin mamayar kusuwar mulki a shekara ta (1940) Bin kwaton ýanci a shekarar (1944)[97][98][99] Jamhuriya ta hudu ta kafu sai aka narkar da ita a sanadiyar Yakin Aljeriya. An kafa Jamhuriya ta biyar a shekara ta (1958) wanda Charles de Gaulle ya shugabance ta, kuma tana nan har wa yau. Yawancin Daulolin farasanci an bar yin musu mulkin mallaka a Yakin Duniya na biyu.[100][101][102]

Girman faransa

A cikin tarihinta duka,[103] Faransa ta zama na gaba a duniya da cibiyar al’ada, tana yin muhimmin gudumawa kan Kimiya da Fasaha da Ilimin Falfasa.[104][105][106] Faransa ta halarce gaggarumar lamba na uku a kungiyar Kyautata Ilimi da Kimiya da Al’adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Turai a wajajen gadon duniya (bayan Italya da Sfen)[107][108][109] kuma tana karban Ýan Yawon Shakatawa kusan miliyan tamanin takwas (83) a shekara fiye da kowane Kasa a duniya.[110][111][112] Faransa ta kasance da iko na al’ada muhimi na tattalin arziki, na soja da na siyasa. [113][114][115]ta Kasa ce mai cigaban masana’antu da zama lamba na shida a tattalin arziki a duniya babba ta bin kasafin da Kasa ta tanada, kuma ta zo na tara babba wajen Sayayyan wuta daidaito.[116][117][118] Bisa ga Credit Suisse, Faransa ita ce na hudu mafi arziki a Kasashen duniya bisa ga jimilar arzikin gidaje. Ta kuma mallake babban bangare mafi tattalin arziki a duniya (EEZ), wanda Kasarta ta ci murabba’in Kilomita (11,691,000) (4,514,000 sq mi).[119][120][121]

‘Yan Farasanci suna jin dadin daidaitacciyar zama, kuma Kasar tana da martaba sosai wajen ilimin Kasashe, kiwon lafiya da ababan rayuwa `yanci da doka ta tanada da kuma raya dan Adam. [122][123][124]Faransa tana daga kasashen da sun kafa majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda ta zama daya daga cikin mambobi biyar na ainihi na ‘yan tsaron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya.[125][126][127] Ita kuma mamba ta kungiya ta bakwai (7), Kungiyar Yarjejeniya na Phasa ta Arewa (NATO), Kungiyar Hadin Kai don Rayar da tattalin Arziki (OECD), Kungiyar Sana’a ta Duniya (WTO) da kuma La Francophonie. Faransa ta samar da Tarayyar Turai Kuma na gaba a cikin Tarayyar.[128][129][130]

Jarida

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An kafa Le Figaro a shekara ta 1826 kuma har yanzu ana daukarta a matsayin jaridar tarihi.[131][132][133]

A cikin 2021, jaridu na yau da kullun na yanki, irin su Ouest-France, Sud Ouest, La Voix du Nord, Dauphiné Libéré, Le Télégramme, da Le Progrès, sun ninka tallace-tallacen jaridun ƙasa fiye da ninki biyu, kamar Le Monde, Le Figaro, L'Équipe (wasanni), Le Parisien, da Lesfinance Echos. Jaridun dailies na kyauta,[134][135][136] ana rarraba su a cikin manyan biranen birni, suna ci gaba da haɓaka kasuwarsu.[360] Sashin mujallun mako-mako ya ƙunshi fiye da 400 na musamman mujallu na mako-mako da ake bugawa a ƙasar.[137][138][139]

Mujallun labarin da suka fi tasiri sune Le Nouvel Observateur na hagu, centrist L'Express da Le Point na dama (a cikin 2009 fiye da kwafi 400,000),[140][141][142] amma mafi girman lambobin yawo na mako-mako ana samun su ta mujallun TV da mujallun mata, daga cikinsu akwai Marie Claire da ELLE,[143][144][145] waɗanda ke da nau'ikan ƙasashen waje. Makonni masu tasiri kuma sun haɗa da takaddun bincike da na satirical Le Canard Enchaîné da Charlie Hebdo, da kuma Paris Match.[146][147][148] Kamar yadda a yawancin ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu, kafofin watsa labaru sun sami matsala mai tsanani tare da haɓakar intanet. A cikin 2008, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da babban yunƙuri don taimakawa sashin sake fasalin kuma ya zama mai cin gashin kansa na kuɗi,[149][150][151] amma a cikin 2009 dole ne ya ba da € 600,000 don taimakawa kafofin watsa labaru don shawo kan rikicin kuɗi na 2008, ban da tallafin da ake samu.[152][153][154] A cikin 1974, bayan shekaru na keɓance keɓance kan radiyo da talabijin, hukumar gwamnati ta ORTF ta rabu zuwa cibiyoyin ƙasa da yawa, amma tashoshin TV guda uku da suka kasance da gidajen rediyo na ƙasa huɗu[155][156][157] sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati.[158][159][160] Sai a shekarar 1981 ne gwamnati ta ba da damar watsa shirye-shirye kyauta a yankin.[161][162][163]

Abinci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yankuna daban-daban suna da salo daban-daban. A arewa, man shanu da kirim suna da yawa, yayin da aka fi amfani da man zaitun a kudu.[164][165][166] Kowane yanki na Faransa yana da na musamman na gargajiya: cassoulet a kudu maso yamma, choucroute a Alsace, quiche a cikin Lorraine yankin, naman sa bourguignon a Burgundy, Provencal tapenade, da dai sauransu Faransa ta fi shahara ga giya [167][168][169]

Abincin Faransa kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin maɓalli na ingancin rayuwa da sha'awar Faransa.[170][171][172] Littafin Faransanci, Jagorar Michelin, yana ba taurarin Michelin lambar yabo don ƙware ga wasu zaɓaɓɓun cibiyoyi.[173][174][175] Samun ko asarar tauraro na iya yin tasiri mai ban mamaki akan nasarar gidan abinci.[176][177][178] A shekara ta 2006, Jagoran Michelin ya ba da kyautar taurari 620 ga gidajen cin abinci na Faransa.[179][180][181]

Baya ga al'adar ruwan inabi, Faransa kuma ita ce babbar mai samar da giya da rum.[182][183][184] Manyan yankuna uku na Faransanci sune Alsace (60% na samar da ƙasa), Nord-Pas-de-Calais, da Lorraine. Ana yin rum na Faransanci a cikin masana'anta a tsibiran da ke cikin Tekun Atlantika da Indiya.[185][186][187]

Wasanni

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tun daga shekara ta 1903, Tour de France ita ce ta fi fice a gasar Grands Tours, kuma mafi shaharar tseren keke a duniya.[188][189][190]

Faransa ta shirya "babban wasanni na shekara-shekara a duniya", gasar tseren keke na shekara-shekara Tour de France.[191][192][193] Sauran shahararrun wasannin da ake yi a Faransa sun haɗa da ƙwallon ƙafa, judo, tennis,[194][195][196] ƙungiyar rugby[197][198][199] da pétanque. Faransa ta karbi bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru kamar gasar cin kofin duniya ta 1938 da 1998 na FIFA,[200][201][202] gasar cin kofin duniya ta Rugby ta 2007,[203][204][205] da kuma gasar cin kofin Rugby ta 2023.[206][207][208] Kasar ta kuma karbi bakuncin gasar cin kofin kasashen Turai na 1960, UEFA Euro 1984, UEFA Euro 2016 da 2019 FIFA World Cup na mata.[209][210][211] Filin wasa na Stade de France a Saint-Denis shine filin wasa mafi girma a Faransa kuma shine wurin da aka buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a 1998 da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta Rugby ta 2007.[212][213][214] Tun daga shekara ta 1923, Faransa ta shahara saboda tseren juriyar wasan motsa jiki na sa'o'i 24 na Le Mans.[215][216][217] Ana gudanar da gasar manyan wasannin tennis da dama a kasar Faransa, ciki har da na Paris Masters da na French Open, daya daga cikin gasa hudu na Grand Slam. Fasahar martial na Faransa sun haɗa da Savate da Fencing.[218][219][220]

Ana daukar Zidane a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan kwallon kafa a kowane lokaci.[221][222][223]

Faransa tana da kusanci da wasannin Olympics na zamani; Baron Pierre de Coubertin ɗan ƙasar Faransa ne, wanda ya ba da shawarar farfado da wasannin, a ƙarshen karni na 19.[224][225][226] Paris ta karbi bakuncin Wasannin na biyu a cikin 1900,[227][228][229] kuma ta karbi bakuncin wasannin Olympics a karin lokuta biyar: Gasar Olympics ta lokacin bazara ta 1924, wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2024 duka a cikin Paris[230][231][232] da wasannin hunturu uku (1924 a Chamonix, 1968 a Grenoble da 1992 a Albertville).[233][234][235] Faransa ta gabatar da wasannin Olympics na kurame (Masu sauraren wasannin Olympics) a shekara ta 1924.[236][237][238]

Yankunan Faransa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

᛫ Sauran yankuna na Faransa (Faransa Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis da Futuna, Saint Martin, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Pierre da Miquelon, filayen kudancin Faransa da Antarctic, da sauransu , Tsibirin clipperton) ba yankuna bane kuma suna da matsayi daban.

Hotuna

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Hasumiyar Eiffel da aka gani daga Champs de Mars a Paris
    Hasumiyar Eiffel da aka gani daga Champs de Mars a Paris
  • Notre-Dame-de-Paris Cathedral
    Notre-Dame-de-Paris Cathedral
  • Arc de Triomphe a Paris
    Arc de Triomphe a Paris
  • Gidan kankara na fadar Versailles
    Gidan kankara na fadar Versailles
  • Chateau de Chenonceau yana daya daga cikin gidajen Loire a Faransa.
    Chateau de Chenonceau yana daya daga cikin gidajen Loire a Faransa.
  • Kogin daji a kan tsibirin Quiberon a Brittany.
    Kogin daji a kan tsibirin Quiberon a Brittany.
  • Mont Saint-Michel a Normandy.
    Mont Saint-Michel a Normandy.
  • Gidaje masu rabin rabin rabin a Colmar a Alsace.
    Gidaje masu rabin rabin rabin a Colmar a Alsace.
  • Vineyards a Kudancin Faransa.
    Vineyards a Kudancin Faransa.
  • Lavender filayen a tabbatar.
    Lavender filayen a tabbatar.
  • Basilica na Notre-Dame-de-la-Garde a Marseille.
    Basilica na Notre-Dame-de-la-Garde a Marseille.
  • Pont du Gard a Faransa.
    Pont du Gard a Faransa.
  • Hasumiyar Genoese a Corsica.
    Hasumiyar Genoese a Corsica.
  • Palombaggia rairayin bakin teku a Corsica.
    Palombaggia rairayin bakin teku a Corsica.
  • Annecy Thiou
    Annecy Thiou
  • Kogin tsibirin Marie-Galante a cikin tsibirin Guadeloupe.
    Kogin tsibirin Marie-Galante a cikin tsibirin Guadeloupe.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Article II of the Constitution of France (1958)
  2. ↑ THE LICTOR'S FASCES". 15 December 2022. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024
  3. ↑ L'essentiel sur... les immigrés et les étrangers". Insee. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  4. ↑ Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020
  5. ↑ "La diversité religieuse en France : transmissions intergénérationnelles et pratiques selon les origines" (in French). Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques.
  6. ↑ Comparateur de territoires: France entière et France métropolitaine [Superficie en 2021, en km²]". www.insee.fr (in French). INSEE. 9 January 2025. Retrieved 25 January 2025.
  7. ↑ Estimation de la population au 1ᵉʳ Janvier 2025 - Séries par région, département, sexe et âge". www.insee.fr (in French). INSEE. 14 January 2025. Retrieved 26 January 2025
  8. ↑ Les collectivités locales en chiffres (2024): 9.2 – France (633,109 km²); France Métropolitaine (543,941 km²); Outre-Mer (89,168 km²) [pg.128]" (PDF). www.collectivites-locales.gouv.fr (in French). Direction Générale des Collectivités Locales (DGCL). 2025. Retrieved 25 January 2025.
  9. ↑ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (France)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 22 April 2025. Retrieved 26 May 2025
  10. ↑ Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  11. ↑ List of left- & right-driving countries". WorldStandards
  12. ↑ Human Development Report 2025" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 6 May 2025. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
  13. ↑ History of France". Discoverfrance.net. Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
  14. ↑ Origin and meaning of Frank". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
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