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Firinji

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firinji
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na major appliance (en) Fassara, chiller (en) Fassara, home appliance (en) Fassara da electrical appliance (en) Fassara
Amfani refrigeration (en) Fassara, food storage (en) Fassara da food preservation (en) Fassara
Wanda yake bi ice house (en) Fassara, cooler (en) Fassara da icebox (en) Fassara
Time of discovery or invention (en) Fassara 1856
Uses (en) Fassara refrigerant (en) Fassara
MCN code (en) Fassara 8704.32.30
wajen Aje kayan sanhi

Firinji dai wata na'ura ce mai daɗaɗɗen tarihi da ake amfani da ita wajen ajiye kayayyakin abinci, ko maganin da yanayin zafi kan iya lala tawa.[1] Kuma a kan yi ajiyar ruwa a cikin sa domin ya sanyaya. Amma dai ko kafin ƙirƙirar firinji, an yi amannar cewa, mutanen da can na da dabaru irin nasu na adana abinci ba tare da ya lalace ba.Kuma irin waɗannan dabaru ne sannu a hankali aka inganta,har firinji ya samu da yanzu ake amfani da shi a gidaje da kuma dakunan girki irin na zamani. Tsayayyen yanayi da akafi ajiye kayan abinci shine 3 - 5 °C (37 - 41 °F).[2] Injin daskarewa wani firiji ne na musamman, ko yanki na firij, wanda ke kiyaye zafin abin cikinsa ƙasa da daskarewar ruwa.[3] Firjin ya maye gurbin akwatin kankara, wanda ya kasance kayan aikin gida na yau da kullun kusan karni daya da rabi. Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar cewa a ajiye firiji a ko ƙasa da 4 ° C (40 ° F) kuma a daidaita injin daskarewa a -18 ° C (0 °F).[4]

Tsarin sanyaya abinci na farko shine kankara.[5] An fara firiji na wucin gadi a tsakiyar shekarun 1750, kuma an haɓaka shi a farkon shekarun 1800.[6] A cikin 1834, an gina na'urar sanyaya tururi na farko da ke aiki, ta amfani da wannan fasaha da aka gani a cikin na'urorin sanyaya iska. An ƙirƙira na'ura ta farko ta kasuwanci ta yin ƙanƙara a cikin 1854.[7] A cikin 1913, an ƙirƙira firji don amfanin gida.[8] A cikin 1923 Frigidaire ya gabatar da naúrar mai cin gashin kanta ta farko. Gabatarwar Freon a cikin 1920s ya faɗaɗa kasuwar firiji a cikin 1930s. An gabatar da injin daskarewa na gida a matsayin sassa daban-daban (mafi girma fiye da buƙata kawai don kankara) a cikin 1940. Abincin daskararre, a da abu ne na alatu, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari.

Ana amfani da sassan injin daskarewa a cikin gidaje da kuma a masana'antu da kasuwanni. An yi amfani da firiji na kasuwanci da na'urorin injin daskarewa kusan shekaru 40 kafin samfuran gida na gama gari. Salon injin daskarewa ya kasance salon asali tun shekarun 1940, har zuwa zamani, firij na gefe-gefe ya karya yanayin. Ana amfani da sake zagayowar tururi a yawancin firji na gida, firij-firiza da daskarewa. Sabbin firji na iya haɗawa da daskarewa ta atomatik, ruwan sanyi, da kankara daga na'urar rarrabawa a ƙofar.

Tarihi

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Ci gaban fasaha

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Commercial for electric refrigerators in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1926

Asalin asali

Iraniyawa na da sun kasance cikin farkon waɗanda suka ƙirƙira wani nau'in sanyaya ta amfani da ƙa'idodin sanyaya iska da radiyo da ake kira yakhchāls. Waɗannan rukunin gine-ginen sun yi amfani da wuraren ajiya na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, wani babban tsari mai kauri a sama da ƙasa, kuma an yi masa ado da badgirs (masu kama iska) da jerin qanat (magudanan ruwa).[9]

Firinji kafin wutan lantarki

A zamanin yau, kafin ƙirƙirar firjin lantarki na zamani, ana amfani da gidajen kankara da akwatunan kankara don samar da ajiyar sanyi a mafi yawan shekara. An sanya su kusa da tafkunan ruwa ko kuma cike da dusar ƙanƙara da ƙanƙara a lokacin hunturu, sun kasance sun zama ruwan dare gama gari. Har yanzu ana amfani da hanyoyin halitta don kwantar da abinci a yau. A gefen tsaunuka, kwararowar dusar ƙanƙara hanya ce da ta dace don sanyaya abubuwan sha, kuma a lokacin hunturu ana iya kiyaye madarar ta daɗe sosai ta hanyar ajiye ta a waje. Kalmar “firiji” an yi amfani da ita aƙalla a farkon ƙarni na 17.[10]

Firinji na wucin gadi

Mechanical drawing
Schematic of Dr. John Gorrie's 1841 mechanical ice machine
Mechanical drawing
Ferdinand Carré's ice-making device

Tarihin firji na wucin gadi ya fara ne lokacin da farfesa dan Scotland William Cullen ya kera wata karamar na'ura mai sanyaya wuta a shekara ta 1755. Cullen ya yi amfani da famfo don haifar da wani bangare na injin daskarewa a kan kwandon diethyl ether, wanda sai ya tafasa, yana dauke da zafi daga wurin da ke kewaye.[11] Gwajin har ma ya haifar da ɗan ƙaramin ƙanƙara, amma ba shi da amfani mai amfani a lokacin.

Linde's 1895 patent for the refrigeration cycle

A cikin 1805, mai ƙirƙira Ba'amurke Oliver Evans ya bayyana rufaffiyar sake zagayowar sanyin tururi don samar da ƙanƙara ta ether a ƙarƙashin injin. A shekara ta 1820, Masanin kimiyar Burtaniya Michael Faraday ya shayar da ammonia da sauran iskar gas ta hanyar amfani da matsi mai yawa da kuma yanayin zafi, kuma a shekara ta 1834, wani Ba’amurke dan gudun hijira a Burtaniya, Jacob Perkins, ya gina na’urar sanyaya injin tururi na farko. Na'urar rufaffiyar zagayowar ce wacce za ta iya ci gaba da aiki.[12] An yi irin wannan ƙoƙari a cikin 1842, ta likitan Amurka, John Gorrie, [13] wanda ya gina samfurin aiki, amma gazawar kasuwanci ce. Injiniyan Ba’amurke Alexander Twining ya fitar da wata takardar shaidar mallakar Biritaniya a 1850 don tsarin tururi da ke amfani da ether.

Carl von Linde, farfesa na injiniya a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich a Jamus, ya ba da izinin ingantacciyar hanyar shayar da iskar gas a shekara ta 1876, wanda ya samar da na farko abin dogaro da ingantaccen firji-ammoniya.[14] Sabon tsarin nasa ya ba da damar yin amfani da iskar gas irin su ammonia (NH3), sulfur dioxide (SO2) da methyl chloride (CH3Cl) a matsayin refrigerant, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su sosai don wannan dalili har zuwa ƙarshen 1920s duk da matsalolin tsaro.[15] A 1895 ya gano sake zagayowar refrigeration.

Firinjin wutan lantarki

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Production of refrigerators in France, ca. 1950s

A cikin 1894, mai ƙirƙira ɗan ƙasar Hungary kuma ɗan masana'antu István Röck ya fara kera babban firiji na ammonia na masana'antu wanda aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar kwamfurori na lantarki (tare da Ayyukan Injin Esslingen). Ganz Works ne ya kera na'urar damfararsa. A Baje kolin Millennium na 1896, Röck da Esslingen Machine Works sun gabatar da injin samar da kankara mai nauyin tonne 6. A cikin 1906, babban kantin sayar da sanyi na farko na Hungary (wanda yake da karfin tan 3,000, mafi girma a Turai) ya buɗe a Titin Tóth Kálmán, Budapest, Ganz Works ne ya kera na'urar. Har zuwa zama ƙasa bayan yakin duniya na biyu, manyan masana'antu na samar da firiji a Hungary yana hannun Röck da Ganz Works.[16]

Firinji na gida

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DOMELRE refrigerator c. 1914

A cikin 1913, Fred W. Wolf na Fort Wayne, Indiana ya ƙirƙira kuma ya samar da na'urorin lantarki na farko don gida da gida, tare da samfuran da suka ƙunshi naúrar da aka ɗora a saman akwatin kankara.[17][18] Na'urarsa ta farko, wacce aka samar a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa a cikin raka'a dari da yawa, ana kiranta DOMELRE.[19][20] A cikin 1914, injiniya Nathaniel B. Wales na Detroit, Michigan, ya gabatar da wani ra'ayi na na'ura mai amfani da wutar lantarki, wanda daga baya ya zama tushen Kelvinator. Alfred Mellowes ne ya kirkiro wani firji mai sarrafa kansa, tare da compressor a kasan majalisar a shekara ta 1916. Mellowes ne ya kera wannan firij a kasuwa amma William C. Durant ya siya a shekarar 1918, wanda ya kafa kamfanin Frigidaire don samar da firij da yawa. A cikin 1918, kamfanin Kelvinator ya gabatar da firiji na farko tare da kowane nau'in sarrafawa ta atomatik. Baltzar von Platen da Carl Munters daga Sweden ne suka kirkiro firjin na shayarwa a shekarar 1922, yayin da suke dalibai a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Royal da ke Stockholm. Ya zama nasara a duk duniya kuma Electrolux ya tallata shi. Wasu majagaba sun haɗa da Charles Tellier, David Boyle, da Raoul Pictet. Carl von Linde shi ne na farko da ya fara yin haƙƙin mallaka kuma ya yi firji mai aiki da ƙarami.

General Electric "Monitor-Top" refrigerator, introduced in 1927, priced at $525, with the first all-steel cabinet, designed by Christian Steenstrup[21]

Firji na farko da aka fara ganin yadda ake amfani da shi shi ne firji na General Electric "Monitor-Top" da aka gabatar a shekarar 1927, wanda jama'a ke kira, saboda kamanceceniya da tururuwar bindiga a kan jirgin ruwan yaki na USS Monitor na 1860.[22] Ƙungiyar compressor, wadda ta fitar da zafi mai yawa, an sanya shi a saman majalisar, kuma an rufe shi da zobe na ado. An samar da sama da raka'a miliyan. A matsayinsa na firji, waɗannan firji sun yi amfani da ko dai sulfur dioxide, wanda ke lalata idanu kuma yana iya haifar da hasarar hangen nesa, konewar fata mai raɗaɗi da raunuka, ko methyl formate, wanda yake da ƙonewa sosai, yana cutar da idanu, kuma yana da guba idan an shaka ko an sha.[23]

Salon firiji

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Yawancin firji sun kasance fari a farkon shekarun 1950, amma tsakanin tsakiyar shekarun 1950 zuwa yanzu, masana'anta da masu zanen kaya sun kara launi. Launuka na pastel, kamar ruwan hoda da turquoise, sun sami shahara a ƙarshen 1950s da farkon 1960s. Wasu nau'ikan kuma sun sami gogaggen chrome plating, wanda yayi daidai da siffa ta bakin karfe. A lokacin ƙarshen 1960s da farkon 1970s, launukan sautin duniya sun shahara, gami da Harvest Gold, Avocado Green da almond. A cikin 1980s, baƙar fata ya zama na zamani. A ƙarshen 1990s bakin karfe ya fara fitowa. Tun 1961 Rukunin Kasuwancin Launi ya yi ƙoƙarin daidaita launukan kayan aiki da sauran kayan masarufi.

Injin daskarewa

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Ana amfani da rukunin injin daskarewa a gidaje da masana'antu da kasuwanci. Abincin da aka adana a ko ƙasa da -18 ° C (0 °F) yana da lafiya har abada.[24] Yawancin injin daskarewa na gida suna kula da yanayin zafi daga -23 zuwa -18 °C (-9 zuwa 0 °F), kodayake wasu raka'o'in injin daskarewa za su iya cimma -34 °C (-29 °F) da ƙasa. Masu daskarewa gabaɗaya ba sa samun ƙasa da -23 °C (-9 °F), tunda madauki ɗaya na sanyaya yana hidima ga sassan biyu: Rage zafin dakin injin daskarewa yana haifar da matsala wajen kiyaye zafin jiki sama da daskarewa a cikin ɗakin firiji. Ana iya haɗa injin daskarewa na cikin gida azaman ɗaki daban a cikin firiji, ko na iya zama na'urar dabam. Daskarewa na cikin gida na iya zama ko dai a tsaye, kama da firiji, ko injin daskarewa, mafi fadi fiye da tsayi tare da murfi ko kofa a saman, yana sadaukar da dacewa don inganci da kariya ta wani bangare ga katsewar wutar lantarki.[25] Yawancin injin daskarewa na zamani suna zuwa tare da na'urar rarraba kankara da aka gina a cikin ƙofarsu. Wasu samfura masu girma sun haɗa da nunin thermostat da sarrafawa.

Masu daskarewar gida a matsayin sassa daban-daban (mafi girma fiye da buƙata kawai don kankara), ko azaman raka'a daban, an gabatar da su a cikin Amurka a cikin 1940. Abincin daskararre, a da abu ne na alatu, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari.

A cikin 1955 injin daskarewa mai zurfi na cikin gida, wanda ya yi sanyi sosai don ba da damar masu su daskare sabo da kansu maimakon siyan abincin da aka riga aka daskare tare da tsarin Clarence Birdseye.[26][27]

Injin daskarewa da ake iya shiga

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Akwai tafiya a cikin injin daskarewa, kamar yadda sunan ke nunawa, suna ba da damar mutum ya shiga cikin injin daskarewa. Dokokin tsaro suna buƙatar sakin gaggawa kuma masu ɗaukan ma'aikata su duba don tabbatar da cewa babu wanda zai makale a ciki lokacin da naúrar ta kulle saboda hypothermia yana yiwuwa idan mutum yana cikin injin daskarewa na tsawon lokaci.[28]

Fasahar friji

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Basic functioning of a refrigerator
Process and components of a conventional refrigerator
Vapor compression cycle – A: hot compartment (kitchen), B: cold compartment (refrigerator box), I: insulation, 1: Condenser, 2: Expansion valve, 3: Evaporator unit, 4: Compressor
An Embraco compressor and fan-assisted condenser coil

Firinji na kwampreso

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Ana amfani da sake zagayowar tururi a yawancin firji na gida, firij-firiza da daskarewa. A cikin wannan sake zagayowar, firiji mai zagayawa kamar R134a yana shigar da kwampreso a matsayin tururi mara ƙarfi a ƙasa ko ƙasa da zafin jiki na cikin firiji. Tururi yana matsawa kuma yana fita daga compressor a matsayin tururi mai tsananin zafi. Tururi mai zafi yana tafiya ƙarƙashin matsi ta hanyar coils ko bututu waɗanda ke haɗa na'urar; coils ko bututu ana sanyaya su ta hanyar fallasa iska a cikin ɗakin. Condenser yana kwantar da tururi, wanda ke yin ruwa. Yayin da na'urar sanyaya ta fita daga na'urar, har yanzu tana cikin matsi amma yanzu ya dan yi sama da zafin dakin. Ana tilasta wa wannan na'urar sanyaya ruwa ta hanyar aunawa ko na'ura mai tsumawa, wanda kuma aka sani da bawul ɗin faɗaɗawa (mahimmanci maƙarƙashiya mai girman ramin fil a cikin bututu) zuwa wani yanki mai ƙarancin matsa lamba.

Zane-zanen ɗaki biyu

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Na'urorin firji masu sassa biyu suna buƙatar ƙira ta musamman don sarrafa sanyaya na firij ko ɗakunan daskarewa. Yawanci, compressors da coils suna hawa a saman majalisar, tare da fan guda ɗaya don kwantar da su duka biyun. Wannan tsari yana da ƴan kasala: kowane ɗaki ba za a iya sarrafa kansa da kansa ba kuma ana haɗa iskar firji mai ɗanɗano da busasshen iska.[29]

Shaye firiji

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Firinji mai shayarwa yana aiki daban da na'urar damfara, ta amfani da tushen zafi, kamar konewar iskar gas mai ruwa, makamashin zafin rana ko na'urar dumama wutar lantarki. Wadannan hanyoyin zafi sun fi natsuwa fiye da injin kwampreso a cikin firiji na yau da kullun. Fanko ko famfo na iya zama kawai sassan motsi na inji.

Sauran amfani da na'urar firji (ko "chiller") sun haɗa da manyan tsarin da ake amfani da su a gine-ginen ofis ko gidaje kamar asibitoci da jami'o'i. Ana amfani da waɗannan manyan tsarin don kwantar da maganin brine wanda ke yaduwa ta cikin ginin.

Firji mai ƙaramin zafin jiki

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Ultra-sanyi" ko "ultra-low zafin jiki (ULT)" (yawanci -80 ko -86 °C [-112 ko -123 °F]) injin daskarewa, kamar yadda ake amfani da su don adana samfurori na halitta, kuma gabaɗaya suna ɗaukar matakai biyu na sanyaya, amma a cikin cascade. Ƙananan zafin jiki yana amfani da methane, ko wani gas mai kama da haka, tare da na'urar sanyi ta ° C. mataki wanda ke amfani da firinji na al'ada.

Don ƙananan yanayin zafi, dakunan gwaje-gwaje yawanci suna siyan nitrogen ruwa (-196 °C [-320.8 °F]), ana ajiye su a cikin kwandon Dewar, wanda aka dakatar da samfuran. Masu daskarewar kirji na Cryogenic na iya cimma yanayin zafi zuwa -150 ° C (-238 ° F), kuma yana iya haɗawa da madadin ruwa na nitrogen.

Tsarin tsari

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Yawancin firij/firiza na zamani suna da injin daskarewa a sama da firji a ƙasa. Yawancin injin daskarewa - ban da samfurin defrost na hannu ko raka'a masu rahusa - suna amfani da abin da ya zama kamar na'urori masu auna zafin jiki guda biyu. Wurin firij ne kawai ake sarrafa yanayin zafi sosai. Lokacin da firiji ya yi zafi sosai, ma'aunin zafi da sanyio zai fara aikin sanyaya kuma fan yana zagayawa da iska kewaye da injin daskarewa. A wannan lokacin, firiji kuma yana yin sanyi. Kullin kula da injin daskarewa yana sarrafa adadin iskar da ke shiga cikin firij ta hanyar damfara.[30]

Wannan yana nufin firji na iya yin zafi sosai. Koyaya, saboda isassun iskar da ake juyar da ita zuwa dakin firiji, injin daskarewa yawanci yana sake samun yanayin da aka saita cikin sauri, sai dai idan an buɗe ƙofar. Lokacin da aka bude kofa, ko dai a cikin firij ko injin daskarewa, fanka a wasu raka'a yana tsayawa nan da nan don hana sanyin da ya wuce kima akan na'urar dakon injin daskarewa, saboda wannan nada yana sanyaya wurare biyu. Lokacin da injin daskarewa ya kai zafin jiki, naúrar zata kashe, komai zafin firij. Fiji na zamani ba sa amfani da tsarin damper. Kwamfuta tana sarrafa saurin fan don duka sassan biyu, kodayake har yanzu ana hura iska daga injin daskarewa.

Soffofi

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The inside of a home refrigerator containing a large variety of everyday food items

Sabbin firji ya kunshi:

  • Defrosting ta atomatik
  • Gargadin gazawar wuta wanda ke faɗakar da mai amfani ta hanyar walƙiya nunin zafin jiki. Yana iya nuna matsakaicin zafin jiki da aka kai yayin gazawar wutar lantarki, da kuma ko abincin daskararre ya bushe ko yana iya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa.
  • Ruwan sanyi da ƙanƙara daga na'urar rarrabawa a ƙofar. Ana samun isar ruwa da kankara a cikin 1970s. A wasu firji, tsarin yin ƙanƙara yana cikin ciki don kada mai amfani ya yi amfani da tiren kankara da hannu. Wasu firji suna da injin sanyaya ruwa da tsarin tace ruwa.
  • Rollers na majalisar da ke barin firij ya fito don sauƙin tsaftacewa
  • Shirye-shiryen daidaituwa da trays
  • Alamar matsayi wanda ke sanar da lokacin da ya dace don canza matatar ruwa
  • Ƙofar ƙanƙara na cikin gida, wanda ke mayar da wurin ajiyar kankara zuwa ƙofar injin daskarewa kuma yana adana kusan lita 60 (2.1 cu ft) na sararin injin daskarewa mai amfani. Hakanan ana iya cirewa, kuma yana taimakawa hana toshe mai yin ƙanƙara.
  • Yankin sanyaya a cikin ɗakunan kofa na firiji. Ana karkatar da iska daga sashin injin daskarewa zuwa ƙofar firiji, don sanyaya madara ko ruwan 'ya'yan itace da aka adana a cikin shiryayyen ƙofar.
  • Ƙofar saukar da ƙasa da aka gina a cikin babban ƙofar firiji, yana ba da sauƙi ga abubuwan da ake amfani da su akai-akai kamar madara, don haka ceton kuzari ta hanyar rashin buɗe babban ƙofar.
  • Aikin daskarewa mai sauri zuwa abinci mai sanyi cikin sauri ta hanyar tafiyar da kwampreso na wani ƙayyadadden adadin lokaci don haka rage zafin daskarewa na ɗan lokaci ƙasa da matakan aiki na yau da kullun. Ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da wannan fasalin sa'o'i da yawa kafin ƙara fiye da kilogiram 1 na abinci mara daskarewa a cikin injin daskarewa. Don masu daskarewa ba tare da wannan fasalin ba, rage yanayin yanayin zafi zuwa mafi sanyi zai yi tasiri iri ɗaya.[31]

Nau'in firiji na gida

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Ana yin firji na cikin gida da daskarewa don ajiyar abinci a cikin kewayon girma dabam. Daga cikin mafi ƙanƙanta akwai firjin Peltier mai girman lita 4 (0.14 cu ft) wanda aka tallata yana iya ɗaukar gwangwani 6 na giya. Babban firij na gida yana da tsayi kamar mutum kuma yana iya zama kusan mita 1 (3.3 ft) faɗinsa tare da ƙarfin lita 600 (21 cu ft). Wasu samfura don ƙananan gidaje sun dace a ƙarƙashin saman aikin dafa abinci, yawanci kusan 86 centimeters (34 in) tsayi. Ana iya haɗa firji tare da injin daskarewa, ko dai an jera su da firji ko injin daskarewa a sama, ƙasa, ko gefe da gefe. Firji ba tare da daskararre ɗakin ajiyar abinci ba na iya samun ƙaramin sashe don yin ƙullun kankara. Masu daskarewa na iya samun aljihunan da za su adana abinci a ciki, ko kuma ba su da rarrabuwa (masu daskarewar ƙirji).

Refrigerators da injin daskarewa na iya zama masu zaman kansu, ko kuma an gina su a cikin kabad ɗin kicin.

Daban-daban cikin nau'ikan firiji guda uku sun zama gama gari:

Firinji na kwampreso

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Nau'in firji na kwampreso sune mafi yawan nau'in; suna yin amo mai ganuwa, amma sun fi dacewa kuma suna ba da sakamako mafi girma na sanyaya. Firinji mai ɗaukar hoto don abin hawa na nishaɗi (RV) da amfani da zango suna da tsada amma tasiri kuma abin dogaro. Za a iya yin raka'a na firiji don aikace-aikacen kasuwanci da masana'antu a cikin girma dabam, siffofi da salo daban-daban don dacewa da bukatun abokin ciniki. Na'urorin firji na kasuwanci da masana'antu na iya samun na'urorin damfaransu da ke nesa da majalisar ministocin (mai kama da tsaga na'urorin sanyaya iska) don rage hayaniya da rage nauyi akan kwandishan a lokacin zafi.

Firjin sha

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana iya amfani da firji mai ɗaukar ido a cikin ayari da tireloli, da gidajen da ba su da wutar lantarki, kamar gonaki ko ɗakunan karkara, inda suke da dogon tarihi. Ana iya amfani da su ta kowace hanyar zafi: gas (na halitta ko propane) ko kananzir na gama gari. Samfuran da aka yi don yin sansani da amfani da RV galibi suna da zaɓi na gudana (rashin inganci) akan ƙarfin baturi 12 volt.

Firjin Peltier

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Peltier firji yana amfani da wutar lantarki, yawanci 12 volt DC, amma ana samun masu sanyaya ruwan inabi masu ƙarfi. Firinji na Peltier ba su da tsada amma ba su da inganci kuma suna ci gaba da zama marasa inganci tare da ƙarin tasirin sanyaya; Yawancin wannan rashin aikin na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da bambance-bambancen zafin jiki a cikin ɗan gajeren tazara tsakanin bangarorin "zafi" da "sanyi" na cell ɗin Peltier. Peltier firji gabaɗaya suna amfani da magudanar zafi da magoya baya don rage wannan bambancin; hayaniya kawai ta fito daga fanka. Mayar da polarity na ƙarfin lantarki da ake amfani da su ga sel Peltier yana haifar da dumama maimakon sakamako mai sanyaya.

Magnetic firji

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Firji na Magnetic ne waɗanda ke aiki akan tasirin magnetocaloric. Ana haifar da tasirin sanyaya ta hanyar sanya gawa na ƙarfe a cikin filin maganadisu.[32]
  • Acoustic firji sune firji da ke amfani da injuna/masu maye gurbi don samar da sautin da ke juyar da zafi da sanyi ta amfani da iskar helium da aka matsa. Ana watsar da zafin kuma sanyin ya kai ga firiji.

Amfanin makamashi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A European energy label for a refrigerator

A cikin gidan da ba shi da kwandishan (dumin sararin samaniya da/ko sanyaya) firji na cinye makamashi fiye da kowace na'ura na gida.[33] A farkon shekarun 1990 an gudanar da gasa tsakanin manyan masana'antun Amurka don karfafa ingancin makamashi.[34] Samfuran Amurka na yanzu waɗanda suka cancanci Energy Star suna amfani da ƙarancin kuzari 50% fiye da matsakaicin ƙirar 1974 da aka yi amfani da su.[35] Naúrar da ta fi dacewa da makamashi da aka yi a cikin Amurka tana cinye kusan rabin kilowatt-hour a kowace rana (daidai da 20 W ci gaba).[36] Amma ko da na yau da kullun na raka'a suna da inganci; wasu ƙananan raka'a suna amfani da ƙasa da 0.2 kWh kowace rana (daidai da 8 W ci gaba). Manyan raka'a, musamman waɗanda ke da manyan injin daskarewa da masu yin kankara, na iya amfani da kusan 4 kW·h kowace rana (daidai da 170 W ci gaba). Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai tana amfani da alamar wasiƙa ta wajabta ƙimar ƙimar ingancin makamashi, tare da A shine mafi inganci, maimakon Tauraruwar Makamashi.

Ga firji na Amurka, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (CEE) ta ƙara bambanta tsakanin firiji masu cancantar Energy Star. Fiji na Tier 1 sune waɗanda ke da 20% zuwa 24.9% mafi inganci fiye da mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodin Tarayya waɗanda Dokar Kare Makamashi ta Kasa (NAECA) ta gindaya. Tier 2 sune waɗanda suka fi 25% zuwa 29.9% inganci. Tier 3 shine mafi girman cancantar, ga waɗannan firji waɗanda suka fi inganci aƙalla kashi 30 cikin ɗari fiye da ƙa'idodin Tarayya.[42] Kimanin kashi 82% na firiji masu cancantar Energy Star sune Tier 1, tare da 13% cancanta a matsayin Tier 2, kuma kawai 5% a Tier 3.

Bayan daidaitaccen salon damfara da ake amfani da su a cikin firji na gida na yau da kullun da injin daskarewa, akwai fasahohi irin su sha da na'urar maganadisu. Ko da yake waɗannan ƙirar gabaɗaya suna amfani da kuzari fiye da injin damfara, wasu halaye kamar aikin shiru ko ikon yin amfani da iskar gas na iya fifita amfani da su a cikin ƙananan matsuguni, muhallin wayar hannu ko a wuraren da gazawar firiji ba zai yiwu ba.

Yawancin firji da aka yi a shekarun 1930 da 1940 sun fi inganci fiye da yawancin waɗanda aka yi daga baya. Wannan wani bangare ne saboda fasalulluka da aka ƙara daga baya, kamar su-defrost, wanda ya rage aiki. Bugu da ƙari, bayan Yaƙin Duniya na 2, salon firiji ya zama mafi mahimmanci fiye da inganci. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman a cikin Amurka a cikin 1970s, lokacin da samfuran gefe-da-gefe (wanda aka sani da firjin-firiza na Amurka a wajen Amurka) tare da masu ba da kankara da masu sanyaya ruwa suka zama sananne. Hakanan ana rage yawan abin rufe fuska da aka yi amfani da shi don rage girman akwati da farashin masana'anta.

Ingantawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Display of modern American-style / side-by-side refrigerators, available for purchase in a store

A tsawon lokaci an ƙaddamar da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun makamashi na firji kuma an ƙarfafa su, wanda ya haifar da ci gaba; Fiji na ƙarni na 21 yawanci sun fi ƙarfin kuzari sau uku fiye da na 1930s.[37][38]

Za'a iya inganta ingancin tsofaffin firji ta hanyar defrosting na yau da kullun (idan naúrar ta zama defrost na hannu) da tsaftacewa, maye gurbin tabarbarewar hatimin ƙofa tare da sababbi, ba saita yanayin zafi fiye da yadda ake buƙata (firiji ba yawanci yana buƙatar sanyi fiye da 4 ° C (39 °F)), da maye gurbin rufi, inda ya dace. Tsaftace na'ura mai kwakwalwa don cire ƙura mai hana zafin zafi, da kuma tabbatar da cewa akwai sarari don kwararar iska a kusa da na'urar na iya inganta aiki.

Defrosting na atomatik

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Firji da injin daskarewa marasa sanyi suna amfani da magoya bayan wutar lantarki don kwantar da wurin da ya dace.[39] Wannan ana iya kiransa firji mai “fan tilastawa”, yayin da raka’o’in defrost na hannu sun dogara da iska mai sanyi da ke kwance a ƙasa, tare da iska mai dumi a saman don samun isasshen sanyaya. Ana shigar da iskar ta hanyar bututun shigarwa sannan a wuce ta wurin mai fitar da ruwa inda aka sanyaya shi, sannan ana zagaya iskar a ko'ina cikin majalisar ministocin ta hanyar ducts da filaye. Saboda iskar da ke wucewa da injin yana da dumi da ɗanɗano, sanyi ya fara buɗewa a kan mashin ɗin (musamman akan injin daskarewa). A cikin arha da/ko tsofaffin ƙira, ana sarrafa zagayowar defrost ta hanyar mai ƙidayar injina. An saita wannan mai ƙidayar lokaci don kashe kwampreso da fanka kuma ya ƙarfafa kayan dumama da ke kusa ko kusa da mai fitar da ruwa na kimanin mintuna 15 zuwa 30 a kowane awa 6 zuwa 12. Wannan yana narkar da duk wani sanyi ko ginin ƙanƙara kuma yana ba da damar firiji ya sake yin aiki akai-akai sau ɗaya. An yi imanin cewa raka'a marasa sanyi suna da ƙarancin juriya ga sanyi, saboda na'urar sanyaya iska kamar coils. Don haka, idan aka bar kofa a buɗe ba da gangan (musamman injin daskarewa), tsarin daskarewa ba zai iya cire duk sanyi ba, a wannan yanayin, injin daskarewa (ko firji) dole ne a narkar da shi.[40]

Inverter

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Refrigerator in a rural store

Da zuwan na'urorin inverter na dijital, yawan kuzarin da ake amfani da shi ya ma kara raguwa fiye da na'urar kwampreshin induction mai sauri guda ɗaya, don haka yana ba da gudummawar ƙarancin iskar gas.[41]

Yawan kuzarin firij shima ya dogara da nau'in firjin da ake yi. Misali, Inverter Refrigerators suna cinye makamashi kadan fiye da na yau da kullun mara juyi. A cikin firiji inverter, ana amfani da kwampreso bisa ga buƙatu. Misali, injin inverter na iya amfani da karancin kuzari a lokacin hunturu fiye da yadda yake yi a lokacin bazara. Wannan shi ne saboda compressor yana aiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci fiye da yadda yake yi a lokacin bazara.[42]

Siffa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsarin jiki na firji shima yana taka rawa sosai wajen ingancin kuzarinsa. Mafi inganci shine injin daskarewa irin na ƙirji, saboda ƙirarsa ta saman buɗewa yana rage juzu'i lokacin buɗe ƙofofin, yana rage yawan iska mai dumi da ke shiga injin daskarewa. A gefe guda kuma, na'urorin rarraba kankara na cikin gida suna haifar da ɗigon zafi, wanda ke haifar da karuwar amfani da makamashi.[43]

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • McCray pre-electric home refrigerator ad from 1905; this company, founded in 1887, is still in business
    McCray pre-electric home refrigerator ad from 1905; this company, founded in 1887, is still in business
  • A 1930s era General Electric "Globe Top" refrigerator in the Ernest Hemingway House
    A 1930s era General Electric "Globe Top" refrigerator in the Ernest Hemingway House
  • General Electric "Monitor-Top" refrigerator, still in use, June 2007
    General Electric "Monitor-Top" refrigerator, still in use, June 2007
  • Frigidaire Imperial "Frost Proof" model FPI-16BC-63, top refrigerator/bottom freezer with brushed chrome door finish made by General Motors Canada in 1963
    Frigidaire Imperial "Frost Proof" model FPI-16BC-63, top refrigerator/bottom freezer with brushed chrome door finish made by General Motors Canada in 1963
  • A side-by-side refrigerator-freezer with an icemaker (2011)
    A side-by-side refrigerator-freezer with an icemaker (2011)

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Peavitt, Helen (2017-11-15). Refrigerator: The Story of Cool in the Kitchen (in Turanci). Reaktion Books. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-78023-797-8.
  2. ↑ . Keep your fridge-freezer clean and ice-free. BBC. 30 April 2008
  3. ↑ Aung, Myo Min; Chang, Yoon Seok (2022-10-11). Cold Chain Management (in Turanci). Springer Nature. p. 46. ISBN 978-3-031-09567-2.
  4. ↑ . Are You Storing Food Safely? Archived 5 ga Maris, 2022 at the Wayback Machine FDA. 9 February 2021
  5. ↑ Accorsi, Riccardo; Manzini, Riccardo (2019-06-12). Sustainable Food Supply Chains: Planning, Design, and Control through Interdisciplinary Methodologies (in Turanci). Academic Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-12-813412-2.
  6. ↑ Traitler, Helmut; Dubois, Michel J. F.; Heikes, Keith; Petiard, Vincent; Zilberman, David (2018-02-05). Megatrends in Food and Agriculture: Technology, Water Use and Nutrition (in Turanci). John Wiley & Sons. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-119-39114-2.
  7. ↑ Yahia, Elhadi M. (2019-07-16). Postharvest Technology of Perishable Horticultural Commodities (in Turanci). Woodhead Publishing. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-12-813277-7.
  8. ↑ O'Reilly, Catherine (2008-11-17). Did Thomas Crapper Really Invent the Toilet?: The Inventions That Changed Our Homes and Our Lives (in Turanci). Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-1-62873-278-8.
  9. ↑ Ebrahimi, Ali; Shayegani, Aida; Zarandi, Mahnaz Mahmoudi (2021). "Thermal Performance of Sustainable Element in Moayedi Icehouse in Iran". International Journal of Architectural Heritage (in Turanci). 15 (5): 740–756. doi:10.1080/15583058.2019.1645243. S2CID 202094054. Retrieved 2021-02-02.
  10. ↑ Venetum Britannicum, 1676, London, p. 176 in the 1678 edition.
  11. ↑ Arora, Ramesh Chandra (30 March 2012). "Mechanical vapour compression refrigeration". Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. New Delhi, India: PHI Learning. p. 3. ISBN 978-81-203-3915-6.
  12. ↑ Burstall, Aubrey F. (1965). A History of Mechanical Engineering. The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-52001-X.
  13. ↑ Samfuri:Cite patent "Kwafin ajiya". Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2025.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  14. ↑ "Step into German - German(y) - The TOP 40 German Inventions - Goethe-Institut". www.goethe.de (in Turanci). Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  15. ↑ "Refrigerator vacuum dehydration unit". Vacuum. 28 (2): 81. February 1978. doi:10.1016/s0042-207x(78)80528-4. ISSN 0042-207X.
  16. ↑ The development and heyday of mechanical science (Hungarian)
  17. ↑ Samfuri:Cite patent "Kwafin ajiya". Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2025.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  18. ↑ Dennis R. Heldman (29 August 2003). Encyclopedia of Agricultural, Food, and Biological Engineering (Print). CRC Press. p. 350. ISBN 978-0-8247-0938-9. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016.
  19. ↑ "DOMELRE First Electric Refrigerator | ashrae.org". www.ashrae.org. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-02.
  20. ↑ "Air Conditioning and Refrigeration History - part 3 - Greatest Engineering Achievements of the Twentieth Century". www.greatachievements.org. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-02.
  21. ↑ "G.E. Monitor Top Refrigerator". www.industrialdesignhistory.com. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
  22. ↑ Lobocki, Neil (2017-10-04). "The General Electric Monitor Top Refrigerator". Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
  23. ↑ "GE Monitor-Top Refrigerator - Albany Institute of History and Art". www.albanyinstitute.org. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  24. ↑ "Freezing and food safety". USDA. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  25. ↑ "Advertising". The Australian Women's Weekly. Australia. 19 September 1973. p. 26. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2020 – via Trove.
  26. ↑ Barnes-Svarney, Patricia; Svarney, Thomas E. (23 February 2015). The Handy Nutrition Answer Book. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 9781578595532. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
  27. ↑ "Power To The People – Chicago Tribune". Chicago Tribune. 25 February 1990. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  28. ↑ "What are The Health and Safety Standards for Walk-in Refrigeration?". March 28, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
  29. ↑ "What is Dual-Cooling Technology?". www.sears.com (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  30. ↑ Refrigerator – Adjusting Temperature Controls. geappliances.com
  31. ↑ Samfuri:Cite patent "Kwafin ajiya". Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2025.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  32. ↑ "Towards the magnetic fridge" Archived 7 Disamba 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Physorg. 21 April 2006
  33. ↑ "Which UK – Saving Energy". Which UK. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  34. ↑ Feist, J. W.; Farhang, R.; Erickson, J.; Stergakos, E. (1994). "Super Efficient Refrigerators: The Golden Carrot from Concept to Reality" (PDF). Proceedings of the ACEEE. 3: 3.67–3.76. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2013.
  35. ↑ "Refrigerators & Freezers". Energy Star. Archived from the original on 7 February 2006.
  36. ↑ Itakura, Kosuke. Sun Frost – The World's Most Efficient Refrigerators. Humboldt.edu
  37. ↑ "Successes of Energy Efficiency: The United States and California National Trust" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2012.
  38. ↑ Calwell, Chris & Reeder, Travis (2001). "Out With the Old, In With the New" (PDF). Natural Resources Defense Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2011.
  39. ↑ Kakaç, Sadik; Avelino, M. R.; Smirnov, H. F. (6 December 2012). Low Temperature and Cryogenic Refrigeration (in Turanci). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9789401000994. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  40. ↑ Badri, Deyae; Toublanc, Cyril; Rouaud, Olivier; Havet, Michel (2021-11-01). "Review on frosting, defrosting and frost management techniques in industrial food freezers". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 151: 111545. Bibcode:2021RSERv.15111545B. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111545. ISSN 1364-0321.
  41. ↑ "How the Digital Inverter Compressor Has Transformed the Modern Refrigerator". news.samsung.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  42. ↑ Chang, Wen Ruey; Liu, Der Yeong; Chen, San Guei; and Wu, Nan Yi, "The Components and Control Methods for Implementation of Inverter-Controlled Refrigerators/Freezers" (2004). International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference. Paper 696. http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc/696
  43. ↑ Technology Connections (April 7, 2020). "Chest Freezers; What they tell us about designing for X". YouTube. Archived from the original on 12 May 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
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