Portal:1990s

The 1990s Portal

P:1990s

The 1990s (pronounced "nineteen-nineties"; shortened to "the '90s") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on 1 January 1990, and ended on 31 December 1999.

Culturally, the 1990s are characterized by the rise of multiculturalism and alternative media, which continues into the present day. Movements such as hip hop, the rave scene and grunge spread around the world to young people during that decade, aided by then-new technology such as cable television and the World Wide Web.

In the absence of world communism, which collapsed in the first two years of the decade, the 1990s was politically defined by a movement towards the right-wing, including increase in support for far-right parties in Europe^[1] as well as the advent of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party^[2] and cuts in social spending in the United States,^[3] Canada,^[4] New Zealand,^[5] and the UK.^[6] The United States also saw a massive revival in the use of the death penalty in the 1990s, which reversed in the early 21st century.^[7] During the 1990s the character of the European Union and Euro were formed and codified in treaties.

A combination of factors, including the continued mass mobilization of capital markets through neo-liberalism, the thawing of the decades-long Cold War, the beginning of the widespread proliferation of new media such as the Internet from the middle of the decade onwards, increasing skepticism towards government, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union led to a realignment and reconsolidation of economic and political power across the world and within countries. The dot-com bubble of 1997–2000 brought wealth to some entrepreneurs before its crash between 2000 and 2001.

The 1990s saw extreme advances in technology, with the World Wide Web, the first gene therapy trial, and the first designer babies^[8] all emerging in 1990 and being improved and built upon throughout the decade.

New ethnic conflicts emerged in Africa, the Balkans, and the Caucasus, the former two which led to the Rwandan and Bosnian genocides, respectively. Signs of any resolution of tensions between Israel and the Arab world remained elusive despite the progress of the Oslo Accords, though The Troubles in Northern Ireland came to a standstill in 1998 with the Good Friday Agreement after 30 years of violence.^[9]

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In the years leading up to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and for just over a decade thereafter, a particularly large number of Jews emigrated from the Soviet Union and the post-Soviet countries. The majority of these emigrants made aliyah, while a sizable number immigrated to various Western countries. This wave of Jewish migration followed the 1970s Soviet aliyah, which began after the Soviet government lifted the ban on the country's refuseniks, most of whom were Jews who had been denied permission to leave the country.

Between 1989 and 2006, about 1.6 million Soviet Jews and their relatives left the country. About 979,000, or 61%, were received by Israel under the Law of Return, which allows Jews and their non-Jewish spouses to relocate to Israel and acquire Israeli citizenship. Another 325,000 and 219,000 immigrated to the United States and Germany, respectively. (Full article...)

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... that the Yerevan Children's Art Museum deliberately kept no records from the 1970s to the 1990s?
... that Bulkboeken ('bulk books') were cheap reprints of Dutch literary classics, published from 1971 to the late 1990s, and again from 2007?
... that despite plans to restore the Sam H. Harris Theatre in the 1990s, it became an entrance to a wax museum?
... that Cliff Christl, who became the Green Bay Packers team historian in 2014, estimated that he had recorded more than 250 oral histories with past players and coaches since the 1990s?
... that the 1975 French jazz-funk album Troupeau Bleu has been sampled by hip-hop artists at least 142 times since the 1990s?
... that Allen DeGraffenreid, who played in the NFL in the 1990s, is not to be confused with Allen DeGraffenreid, who played in the NFL in the 1990s?

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1996 Summer Olympics

Torch relay for the 1996 Olympic Games

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Hawk in 2023

Anthony Frank Hawk (born May 12, 1968), nicknamed Birdman, is an American professional skateboarder, entrepreneur, and the owner of the skateboard company Birdhouse. A pioneer of modern vertical skateboarding, Hawk completed the first documented "900" skateboarding trick in 1999. He also licensed a skateboarding video game series named after him, published by Activision that same year. Hawk retired from competing professionally in 2003 and is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential skateboarders of all time.

Hawk has been involved in various philanthropic activities throughout his career. He founded the Skatepark Project, which helps to build skateparks in underprivileged areas around the world. (Full article...)

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The following are images from various 1990s-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1The Nasdaq Composite displaying the dot-com bubble, which ballooned between 1997 and 2000. The bubble peaked on Friday, 10 March 2000. (from 1990s)
Image 2Chokers, popular in the mid- and late-1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 3Bob cuts were favored by women. (Saffron, 1996) (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 4Go-go boots became fashionable again in 1995. They were worn by women of the hip-hop, alternative, and dance subcultures. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 5The compact disc reached its peak in popularity in the 1990s, and not once did another audio format surpass the CD in music sales from 1991 throughout the remainder of the decade. By 2000, the CD accounted for 92.3% of the entire market share in regard to music sales. (from 1990s)
Image 6Group of young children displaying various fashion trends. Amman, 1998. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 7Alanis Morissette (from 1990s in music)
Image 8Rwandan genocide: Bones of genocide victims in Murambi Technical School. Estimates put the death toll of the Rwandan genocide as high as 800,000 people. (from 1990s)
Image 9Acid washed jean shorts with grunge and hippie inspired DIY slogans and pictures. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 10Slip dresses first became widely worn in the mid-1990s, as part of the underwear-as-outerwear trend. (Jane Leeves, 1995) (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 11Street Fighter II (arcade, 1991) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 12Woman dressed in black maxi skirt, top and hat, 1995. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 13Model wearing a midriff shirt, a silver necklace, low ponytail and straight-leg leggings, 1999. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 14Maná in concert. (from 1990s in music)
Image 15The 1999 İzmit earthquake, which occurred in northwestern Turkey, killed 17,217 and injured 43,959. (from 1990s)
Image 16Young man in 1995, sporting a short undercut hairstyle. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 17Nelson Mandela voting in 1994, after thirty years of imprisonment. (from 1990s)
Image 18Super Famicom/Super Nintendo Entertainment System (1990) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 19Woman wearing a crop top and bell-bottoms, 1997. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 20Dixie Chicks (from 1990s in music)
Image 21Two women wearing bandanas, 1999. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 22The catsuit became a trend in the late 1990s. Normally made of latex, PVC, or spandex, it was often worn with high-heeled boots. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 23Virtual Boy (1995) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 24Big Bad Voodoo Daddy (from 1990s in music)
Image 25Block-heeled shoes, popular from 1995 to 2001. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 26Crowd of rave-goers, 1995. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 27Korn, 1997 (from 1990s in music)
Image 28Blink-182 performing in 1995, whose 1999 album Enema of The State became a pivotal moment for contemporary pop punk (from 1990s)
Image 29Trio in 1995 wearing neutral-colored tops and relaxed-fit, slim-leg pants and jeans. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 30The crash site of El Al Flight 1862 in 1992. (from 1990s)
Image 31Jonathan Brandis in a Grunge-style flannel shirt and curtained hair in 1993 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 32US, Canadian, and Mexican dignitaries initialing the draft North American Free Trade Agreement in October 1992 (from 1990s)
Image 33A typical early 1990s personal computer. (from 1990s)
Image 34Example of 1990s men's and women's fashion, 1994 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 35Butterfly and floral clips, worn in the mid- and late 1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 36Flag map of the world from 1992 (from 1990s)
Image 37Pearl Jam is an American rock band formed in 1990 in Seattle, Washington. (from 1990s in music)
Image 38Microsoft SideWinder Force Feedback Pro (1997) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 39Miniature model from MS Estonia (from 1990s)
Image 40Game Boy Color (1998) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 41D'Angelo is considered a key pioneer of the neo-soul movement. (from 1990s in music)
Image 42Most commercially successful rock band from Latin America, Soda Stereo (from 1990s)
Image 43Dance Dance Revolution (1998) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 44Long maxi skirt in a Liberty floral print. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 45From top left, clockwise: The Hubble Space Telescope orbits the Earth after it was launched in 1990; American jets fly over burning oil fields in the 1991 Gulf War; the Oslo Accords on 13 September 1993; the World Wide Web gains massive popularity worldwide; Boris Yeltsin greets crowds after the failed August Coup, which leads to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991; Dolly the sheep is the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell; the funeral procession of Diana, Princess of Wales, who died in a 1997 car crash, and was mourned by millions; hundreds of thousands of Tutsi people are killed in the Rwandan genocide of 1994 (from 1990s)
Image 46Neo Geo (1990) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 47Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, United States President Bill Clinton, and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Chairman Yasser Arafat during the signing of the Oslo Accords on 13 September 1993. (from 1990s)
Image 48Bush and Gorbachev at the 1990 Helsinki summit. (from 1990s)
Image 49Young woman standing on sidewalk, Uptown New Orleans, 1992. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 50Dave Navarro and Perry Farrell of Jane's Addiction in 2009. The success of Jane's Addiction helped launch the popularity of alternative rock and alternative metal in the United States. The unexpected success of Ritual de lo Habitual (1990) for Warner Records led to a signing frenzy in which major labels were "mass signing" alternative acts, including Geffen Records' signing of Nirvana in 1991. (from 1990s in music)
Image 51Garage punk band, 1997 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 52Woman with what would come be known as the Rachel haircut, early 1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 53Nintendo 64 (1996) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 54Eurostar logo 1994–2011 (from 1990s)
Image 55Timo Jutila with Ice Hockey World Championship trophy in 1995 (from 1990s)
Image 56A pair of Eurostar trains at the former Waterloo International since moved to St Pancras International (from 1990s)
Image 57Garth Brooks (from 1990s in music)
Image 58Example of late 1990s gothic fashion. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 59Nude and darker shades of lipstick seemed popular throughout the decade. (Fran Drescher, 1996) (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 60SNES (1990) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 61Woman wearing a polo shirt with a popped collar. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 62Game Gear (1990) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 63Press conference at the Council of the EU for the lauching of the Euro in 1998 (from 1990s)
Image 64Oasis were the biggest band of the 1990s Britpop scene and the only band to make a significant impact in the US market. (from 1990s in music)
Image 65Black Barbour bucket hat. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 66Rajiv Gandhi (from 1990s)
Image 67Executive council building burns in Sarajevo after being hit by Bosnian Serb artillery in the Bosnian War. (from 1990s)
Image 68Dreamcast (1998) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 69Pavement (from 1990s in music)
Image 70Michael Jordan, the most popular NBA player of the 1990s. (from 1990s)
Image 71An early portable CD player, a Sony Discman model D121. (from 1990s)
Image 72Group of high school students, 1997. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 73Metal Slug (arcade, 1996) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 74Nine Inch Nails, 2005 (from 1990s in music)
Image 75Hubble Space Telescope. (from 1990s)
Image 76Baseball jackets were popular among hip-hop fans in the mid-1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 77Swedish teenager with mullet haircut and abstract jumper, 1991. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 78African-American teenager with Hitop fade, popular in the early 1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 79Natalie Imbruglia, 2015 (from 1990s in music)
Image 80Electronic musician and DJ James Lavelle dressed in club attire, 1997. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 81Actress Liv Tyler sporting a pixie cut, 1998 (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 82The German electronic rock duo Das Ich, 1993. Their aspect shows the influence of the goth look which returned in the 1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 83Church members exhibiting assorted fashion trends. Amman, 1998. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 84Vazgen Sargsyan (from 1990s)
Image 85PlayStation (1994) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 86Gloria Estefan (from 1990s in music)
Image 87Sasha using Ableton Live at a nightclub. (from 1990s in music)
Image 88Galaxian3: Project Dragoon (1990) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 89A Dassault Falcon 50 similar to the one shot down in the assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira (from 1990s)
Image 90Razer Boomslang (first gaming mouse, 1999) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 91Dancers at the 1992 Snoqualmie Moondance Festival in Snoqualmie, Washington. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 92Kurt Cobain, 1992. He wears grunge clothing, popular from 1991 to 1996. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 93Tim McGraw (from 1990s in music)
Image 94Cargo pants. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 95Red and cream Indian woman's saree, late 1990s (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 96Dolly the sheep is the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell. (from 1990s)
Image 97The highest-grossing film of the decade was James Cameron's Titanic (1997), which remains one of the highest-grossing films of all time. (from 1990s)
Image 98Game Boy Light (1998) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 99Blue wide-leg jeans. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 100Hurricane Georges downed trees in Key West along the old houseboat row on South Roosevelt Blvd. (from 1990s)
Image 101Converse All Stars, popular in the early 1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 102In 1994, Lisa Loeb became the first artist to score a No. 1 hit with "Stay (I Missed You)" before signing to any record label. (from 1990s in music)
Image 103Dutch high school prom, 1994. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 104Friends, which premiered on NBC in 1994 became one of the most popular sitcoms of all time. From left, clockwise: Lisa Kudrow, Jennifer Aniston, Courteney Cox, Matthew Perry, Matt LeBlanc, and David Schwimmer, the six main actors of Friends. (from 1990s)
Image 105A man wearing a power suit, popular in the European workplace. The suit jacket is double-breasted with large shoulder pads. Photograph taken in 1998. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 106A pair of British Knights. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 107Moby, 2009 (from 1990s in music)
Image 108Boris Yeltsin and Bill Clinton share a laugh in October 1995. (from 1990s)
Image 109Yitzhak Rabin (from 1990s)
Image 110The Dow Jones Index of the 1990s (from 1990s)
Image 111Thrustmaster T2 (1996) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 112Seinfeld, which premiered on NBC in 1989, became a commercial success and cultural phenomenon by 1993. (from 1990s)
Image 113Atari Jaguar (1993) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 114Thalía rose to fame as a member of the musical group Timbiriche. (from 1990s in music)
Image 115Mobile phones gained massive popularity worldwide during the decade. (from 1990s)
Image 116The logo created by The President's Council on the Year 2000 Conversion, for use on Y2K.gov (from 1990s)
Image 117Lois McMaster Bujold with pixie cut and denim western shirt, 1996. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 118Women's rights demonstration in Paris, November 1995 (from 1990s)
Image 119Grunge band Nirvana in 1992 (from 1990s in music)
Image 120Pablo Escobar (from 1990s)
Image 121Actress Paula Abdul wearing semi-transparent black dress, curled hair and smoky eye makeup, 1990. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 122An "I Believe Anita Hill" button pin in support of her sexual harassment allegations against U.S. Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas. Hill testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee arguing against the confirmation of Thomas. (from 1990s)
Image 123Game.com (1997) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 124Bomber jacket with orange lining, popular from the mid- to late-1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 125Pagers became widely popular. (from 1990s)
Image 126Game Boy Pocket (1996) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 127Sega Saturn (1994) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 1283DO Interactive Multiplayer (1993) (from 1990s in video games)
Image 129Swedish hip-hop fans watch Public Enemy perform in 1991. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 130Slap bracelet worn by young girls in the early 1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 131Green Day, 2010 (from 1990s in music)
Image 132Women's side gusset shoes were popular among preppy and hip-hop subcultures in the mid- to late-1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 133US First Lady Hillary Clinton wearing a straw hat, 1995. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 134Typical late 1990s fashions, 1997. (from 1990s in fashion)
Image 135The federal building that was bombed in the Oklahoma City bombing two days after the bombing, viewed from across the adjacent parking lot. (from 1990s)
Image 136Luis Miguel, first Latin idol of the decade (from 1990s in music)

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These are Good articles, which meet a core set of high editorial standards.

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Terminator 2: Judgment Day is a 1991 American science fiction action film directed by James Cameron, who co-wrote the script with William Wisher. Starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, Linda Hamilton, and Robert Patrick, it is the sequel to The Terminator (1984) and is the second installment in the Terminator franchise. In the film, the malevolent artificial intelligence Skynet sends a Terminator—a highly advanced killing machine—back in time to 1995 to kill the future leader of the human resistance John Connor when he is a child. The resistance sends back a less advanced, reprogrammed Terminator to protect Connor and ensure the future of humanity.

The Terminator was considered a significant success, enhancing Schwarzenegger's and Cameron's careers, but work on a sequel stalled because of animosity between the pair and Hemdale Film Corporation, which partially owned the film's rights. In 1990, Schwarzenegger and Cameron persuaded Carolco Pictures to purchase the rights from The Terminator producer Gale Anne Hurd and Hemdale, which was financially struggling. A release date was set for the following year, leaving Cameron and Wisher seven weeks to write the script. Principal photography lasted from October 1990 to March 1991, taking place in and around Los Angeles on an estimated $94–102 million budget, making it the most expensive film made at the time. The advanced visual effects by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), which include the first use of a computer-generated main character in a blockbuster film, resulted in a schedule overrun. Theatrical prints were not delivered to theaters until the night before the picture's release on July 3, 1991. (Full article...)
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Bound is a 1996 American neo-noir erotic crime thriller film written and directed by the Wachowskis in their feature film directorial debut. It stars Jennifer Tilly, Gina Gershon and Joe Pantoliano. The film centers on Violet (Tilly), a gun moll who longs to escape her relationship with her mobster boyfriend Caesar (Pantoliano), enters into a clandestine affair with alluring ex-con Corky (Gershon), and the two women hatch a scheme to steal $2 million of Mafia money. This was also John P. Ryan's final appearance before he died in 2007.

Bound was the first film directed by the Wachowskis, and they took inspiration from Billy Wilder to tell a noir story filled with sex and violence. Financed by Dino De Laurentiis, the film was made on a tight budget with the help of frugal crew members including cinematographer Bill Pope. The directors initially struggled to cast the lesbian characters of Violet and Corky before securing Tilly and Gershon. To choreograph the sex scenes, the directors employed sex educator Susie Bright as an ad hoc intimacy coordinator, and she also made a cameo appearance in the film. (Full article...)
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Batman & Robin is a 1997 American superhero film based on the DC Comics characters Batman and Robin by Bill Finger and Bob Kane. It is the fourth and final installment of Warner Bros.' initial Batman film series, a sequel to Batman Forever (1995). Directed by Joel Schumacher and written by Akiva Goldsman, it stars George Clooney as Bruce Wayne / Batman and Chris O'Donnell as Dick Grayson / Robin, alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger, Uma Thurman, and Alicia Silverstone. The film follows the eponymous characters as they attempt to prevent Mr. Freeze and Poison Ivy from taking over the world, while struggling to keep their partnership together.

Warner Bros. fast-tracked development for Batman & Robin following the box office success of Batman Forever. Schumacher and Goldsman conceived the storyline during pre-production on A Time to Kill; Schumacher was given a mandate to make the film more toyetic than its predecessor. After Val Kilmer decided not to reprise the role of Batman, Schumacher was interested in casting William Baldwin before George Clooney won the role. Principal photography began in September 1996 and wrapped in January 1997, two weeks ahead of the shooting schedule. Batman & Robin is the only film in the Batman film series made without the involvement of Tim Burton in any capacity. (Full article...)
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Schindler's List is a 1993 American epic historical drama film directed and produced by Steven Spielberg and written by Steven Zaillian. It is based on the historical novel Schindler's Ark (1982) by Thomas Keneally. The film follows Oskar Schindler, a German industrialist who saved more than a thousand mostly Polish–Jewish refugees from the Holocaust by employing them in his factories during World War II. It stars Liam Neeson as Schindler, Ralph Fiennes as SS officer Amon Göth, and Ben Kingsley as Schindler's Jewish accountant Itzhak Stern.

Ideas for a film about the Schindlerjuden (Schindler Jews) were proposed as early as 1963. Poldek Pfefferberg, one of the Schindlerjuden, made it his life's mission to tell Schindler's story. Spielberg became interested when executive Sidney Sheinberg sent him a book review of Schindler's Ark. Universal Pictures bought the rights to the novel, but Spielberg, unsure if he was ready to make a film about the Holocaust, tried to pass the project to several directors before deciding to direct it himself. (Full article...)
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The Lion King is a 1994 American animated musical coming-of-age drama film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution under Walt Disney Pictures. Directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff, and produced by Don Hahn, the film's screenplay was written by Irene Mecchi, Jonathan Roberts, and Linda Woolverton, and features an ensemble voice cast consisting of Matthew Broderick, James Earl Jones, Jeremy Irons, Jonathan Taylor Thomas, Moira Kelly, Niketa Calame, Nathan Lane, Ernie Sabella, Whoopi Goldberg, Cheech Marin, Rowan Atkinson, and Robert Guillaume. The film follows a young lion, Simba, who flees his kingdom when his father, King Mufasa, is murdered by his uncle, Scar. After growing up in exile, Simba returns home to confront his uncle and reclaim his throne.

The Lion King was conceived during conversations among various Disney executives, to whom several writers submitted early treatments. Original director George Scribner had envisioned The Lion King as a nature documentary-style film, with Allers joining as co-director after having worked in the story departments of several successful animated Disney films. Considered to be Disney's first original animated film, The Lion Kings plot draws inspiration from several sources, notably William Shakespeare's play Hamlet. Woolverton, screenwriter for Disney's Beauty and the Beast (1991), drafted early versions of The Lion King's script, which Mecchi and Roberts were hired to revise once Woolverton left to prioritize other projects. Scribner departed due to disagreements over the studio's decision to reimagine the film as a musical, with original songs by Elton John and Tim Rice, and Minkoff was hired to replace him in April 1992. Throughout production, the creative team visited Kenya for research and inspiration. ('Full article...)
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Khraniteli (Russian: Хранители, lit. 'Guardians [of the Ring]') is a Soviet television play miniseries based on J. R. R. Tolkien's The Fellowship of the Ring. It was broadcast once in 1991 by Leningrad Television and then thought lost before being rediscovered in 2021. It includes scenes of Tom Bombadil and Goldberry that were omitted from the 1978 film and Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings film trilogy. (Full article...)
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Adolescence of Utena is a 1999 Japanese animated romantic fantasy film. It is a follow-up to the 1997 anime television series Revolutionary Girl Utena, created by the artist collective Be-Papas. The film is directed by Kunihiko Ikuhara, written by Yōji Enokido based on a story by Ikuhara and produced by the animation studio J.C.Staff. An English-language dubbed version of the film produced by Central Park Media was released in 2001 as Revolutionary Girl Utena: The Movie.

The plot follows Utena Tenjou, a tomboy high school student who is drawn into a series of sword duels to win the hand of Anthy Himemiya, a mysterious student known as the "Rose Bride". The film is noted for its extensive use of metaphor and symbolism; its focus on themes of gender, sexuality and the transition from adolescence to adulthood; and for its more mature subject material relative to the anime series. (Full article...)
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JFK is a 1991 American epic political thriller film co-written and directed by Oliver Stone. The film examines the investigation into the assassination of John F. Kennedy by New Orleans district attorney Jim Garrison, who came to believe there was a government conspiracy to assassinate Kennedy and that Lee Harvey Oswald was a scapegoat.

The film's screenplay was adapted by Stone and Zachary Sklar from the books On the Trail of the Assassins by Garrison and Crossfire: The Plot That Killed Kennedy by Jim Marrs. Stone described this account as a "counter-myth" to the Warren Commission's "fictional myth". JFK's embrace of conspiracy theories made it controversial. Many major American newspapers ran editorials accusing Stone of spreading untruths, including the claim that Kennedy was killed as part of a coup d'état to install Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in his place. (Full article...)
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Isabelle Eberhardt is a 1991 Australian-French biographical drama film directed by Ian Pringle. The film follows the adult life of Isabelle Eberhardt and was filmed in Algiers, Paris and Geneva. It stars Mathilda May as Eberhardt and Peter O'Toole as Hubert Lyautey. It received financial backing from the Film Finance Corporation Australia and was nominated for three awards at the 1991 Australian Film Institute Awards.

Isabelle Eberhardt was screened at the 1991 Melbourne International Film Festival and was also released in cinemas in Australia, though did not have a home media release. The film received generally negative reviews. (Full article...)
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The Big Lebowski (/ləˈbaʊski/) is a 1998 crime comedy film written, directed, produced and co-edited by Joel and Ethan Coen. It follows the life of Jeffrey "The Dude" Lebowski (Jeff Bridges), a Los Angeles slacker and avid bowler. He is assaulted as a result of mistaken identity then learns that a millionaire, also named Jeffrey Lebowski (David Huddleston), was the intended victim. The millionaire Lebowski's trophy wife is supposedly kidnapped and millionaire Lebowski commissions the Dude to deliver the ransom to secure her release. The plan goes awry when the Dude's friend Walter Sobchak (John Goodman) schemes to keep the ransom money for the Dude and himself. Sam Elliott, Julianne Moore, Steve Buscemi, John Turturro, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Tara Reid, David Thewlis, Peter Stormare, Jimmie Dale Gilmore, Jon Polito, Flea, and Ben Gazzara also appear in supporting roles.

The film is loosely inspired by the work of Raymond Chandler. Joel Coen stated, "We wanted to do a Chandler kind of story – how it moves episodically and deals with the characters trying to unravel a mystery, as well as having a hopelessly complex plot that's ultimately unimportant." The original score was composed by Carter Burwell, a longtime collaborator of the Coen brothers. (Full article...)
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12 Monkeys is a 1995 American science fiction thriller film directed by Terry Gilliam from a screenplay by David Peoples and Janet Peoples, based on Chris Marker's 1962 short film La Jetée. It stars Bruce Willis, Madeleine Stowe, Brad Pitt, and Christopher Plummer. Set in a post-apocalyptic future devastated by disease, the film follows a convict who is sent back in time to gather information about the man-made virus that wiped out most of the human population on the planet.

The film was theatrically released in the United States on December 29, 1995, by Universal Pictures. It received positive reviews from critics and grossed over $168.8 million worldwide against a $29 million budget. At the 68th Academy Awards, the film was nominated for Best Supporting Actor (for Pitt) and Best Costume Design. It garnered seven nominations at the 22nd Saturn Awards, winning three: Best Science Fiction Film, Best Supporting Actor, and Best Costumes. Pitt also won Best Supporting Actor at the 53rd Golden Globe Awards. (Full article...)
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Forrest Gump is a 1994 American comedy-drama film directed by Robert Zemeckis. An adaptation of the 1986 novel by Winston Groom, the screenplay of the film is written by Eric Roth. It stars Tom Hanks in the title role, alongside Robin Wright, Gary Sinise, Mykelti Williamson, and Sally Field in lead roles. The film follows the life of an Alabama man named Forrest Gump (Hanks) and his experiences in the 20th-century United States.

Principal photography took place between August and December 1993, mainly in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Extensive visual effects were used to incorporate Hanks into archived footage and to develop other scenes. The soundtrack features songs reflecting the different periods seen in the film. Various interpretations have been made of the protagonist and the film's political symbolism. (Full article...)
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Speed 2: Cruise Control is a 1997 American action thriller film produced and directed by Jan de Bont from a screenplay by Randall McCormick and Jeff Nathanson. It is the sequel to Speed (1994) and stars Sandra Bullock (reprising her role from the original film), Jason Patric and Willem Dafoe. Its plot follows Annie Porter (Bullock) and Alex Shaw (Patric), a couple who go on vacation to the Caribbean aboard a luxury cruise ship, which is hijacked by John Geiger, a terrorist (Dafoe). While trapped aboard the ship, Annie and Alex work with the ship's first officer to try to stop it after they discover it is programmed to crash into an oil tanker.

De Bont had the idea for the film after having a recurring nightmare about a cruise ship crashing into an island. Speed star Keanu Reeves was initially supposed to reprise his role as Jack Traven for the sequel, but decided not to commit and was replaced by Patric before filming. The writers had to rework the script to accommodate the addition of a new character. Production took place aboard Seabourn Legend, the ship on which the film is set. The final scene, in which the ship crashes into the island of Saint Martin, cost almost a quarter of the budget, and set records as the largest and most expensive stunt ever filmed. Many interior scenes aboard the ship were shot on soundstages in the Greater Los Angeles Area. The soundtrack featured mostly reggae music. Mark Mancina returned to compose the film score, released as an album 13 years after the film's release. (Full article...)
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Independence Day (also promoted as ID4) is a 1996 American science fiction action film directed by Roland Emmerich, written by Emmerich and the film's producer Dean Devlin. The film stars an ensemble cast of Will Smith, Bill Pullman, Jeff Goldblum, Mary McDonnell, Judd Hirsch, Margaret Colin, Randy Quaid, Robert Loggia, Vivica A. Fox, James Rebhorn, and Harvey Fierstein. The film follows disparate groups of people who converge in the Nevada desert in the aftermath of a worldwide attack by a powerful extraterrestrial race. With the other people of the world, they launch a counterattack on July 4—Independence Day in the United States.

Conceived by Emmerich while promoting Stargate (1994), the film aimed to depict a large-scale alien invasion, departing from typical portrayals of extraterrestrial visits. Filming began in July 1995 and was completed in October that same year. (Full article...)
Image 15
Tomorrow Never Dies is a 1997 spy film, the eighteenth in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions and the second to star Pierce Brosnan as fictional MI6 agent James Bond. Directed by Roger Spottiswoode from a screenplay by Bruce Feirstein, it follows Bond as he attempts to prevent Elliot Carver (Jonathan Pryce), a power-mad media mogul, from engineering world events to initiate World War III.

The film was produced by Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli. It was the first Bond film made after the death of producer Albert R. Broccoli (to whom it pays tribute in the end credits) and the last released under the United Artists label. Filming locations included France, Thailand, Germany, Mexico and the United Kingdom. (Full article...)

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Sources

^ Merkl, Peter; Leonard, Weinberg (2 August 2004). Right-wing Extremism in the Twenty-first Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-76421-0.
^ "India – The Bharatiya Janata Party and the Rise of Hindu Nationalism".
^ ROSEN, RUTH (27 December 1994). "Which of Us Isn't Taking 'Welfare'? : Poor children rank low in government largess; why is the comfortable class so mean?". Los Angeles Times.
^ Séguin, Gilles. "Provincial Welfare Reforms in the 1990s – Canadian Social Research Links".
^ Maloney, Tim (1 May 2002). "Welfare Reform and Unemployment in New Zealand". Economica. 69 (274): 273–293. doi:10.1111/1468-0335.00283.
^ "Policy Exchange – Shaping the Policy Agenda" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2014.
^ https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/12/19/report-us-executions-dipped-in-2013
^ Handyside, AH; Kontogianni, EH; Hardy, K; Winston, RM (1990). "Pregnancies from biopsied human preimplantation embryos sexed by Y-specific DNA amplification". Nature. 344 (6268): 768–70. Bibcode:1990Natur.344..768H. doi:10.1038/344768a0. PMID 2330030.
^ Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2004). The Roaring Nineties. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32618-5.

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[1] Merkl, Peter; Leonard, Weinberg (2 August 2004). Right-wing Extremism in the Twenty-first Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-76421-0.

[2] "India – The Bharatiya Janata Party and the Rise of Hindu Nationalism".

[3] ROSEN, RUTH (27 December 1994). "Which of Us Isn't Taking 'Welfare'? : Poor children rank low in government largess; why is the comfortable class so mean?". Los Angeles Times.

[4] Séguin, Gilles. "Provincial Welfare Reforms in the 1990s – Canadian Social Research Links".

[5] Maloney, Tim (1 May 2002). "Welfare Reform and Unemployment in New Zealand". Economica. 69 (274): 273–293. doi:10.1111/1468-0335.00283.

[6] "Policy Exchange – Shaping the Policy Agenda" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2014.

[7] ttps://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/12/19/report-us-executions-dipped-in-2013

[8] Handyside, AH; Kontogianni, EH; Hardy, K; Winston, RM (1990). "Pregnancies from biopsied human preimplantation embryos sexed by Y-specific DNA amplification". Nature. 344 (6268): 768–70. Bibcode:1990Natur.344..768H. doi:10.1038/344768a0. PMID 2330030.

[9] Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2004). The Roaring Nineties. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32618-5.

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