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The 2008 Tibetan unrest (also referred to as the 2008 uprising in Tibetan media^[1] or the 3-14 Riots in Chinese media^[2]^[3]) was a series of protests and demonstrations over the Chinese government's treatment and alleged persecution of Tibetans. The unrest also included ethnic conflicts between Tibetans and Han and Hui Chinese.

Protests in Lhasa by monks on 10 March have been viewed as the start of the demonstrations. Numerous peaceful protests and demonstrations were held to commemorate the 49th anniversary of the 1959 Tibetan Uprising Day, when the 14th Dalai Lama escaped from Tibet.^[4] The protests and demonstrations spread spontaneously to a number of monasteries and throughout the Tibetan plateau, including into counties located outside the designated Tibet Autonomous Region.^[1] The arrest of monks at Labrang Monastery increased the tenseness of the . Violence began when Chinese police and People's Liberation Army units used force on non-violent protests by monks, and spread when protesting Tibetans later clashed with security forces. Clashes also occurred between Tibetans and Chinese Han and Hui settlers, resulting in Han and Hui stores and buildings being destroyed and numerous Chinese civilians being injured or killed.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

The use of force by Chinese police and military forces during the demonstrations have been controversial, with some deeming it excessive force. The demonstrations in Lhasa were met with electric prods, tear gas, and shootings,^[9] according to a report by Human Rights Watch on the use of force by Chinese forces.^[10]^[11]^[12] The International Campaign for Tibet estimates a total of 235 protests occurred from 10 March until the end of October 2009.^[13] The Chinese government's Xinhua News Agency estimated that 150 protests occurred between 10 March and 25 March.^[14]^[13] A casualty estimate according to the Chinese government claims 23 people were killed during the riots themselves; the Central Tibetan Administration claims 203 were killed in the aftermath alone,^[15] while the Dalai Lama stated 400 Tibetans were killed in total. Foreign journalists were expelled or forced to leave during the uprising anniversary. Amnesty International reported 1,000 Tibetan protestors remained "unaccounted for" by June 2008,^[16] while the Central Tibetan Administration reported 5,600 arrests of Tibetans between March 2008 and January 2009, with 1,294 injuries within the same period.

Protests supporting Tibetans were held in cities in North America and Europe,^[17] as well as in Beijing, Australia,^[18] India,^[19] and Nepal.^[20] Many of the international protests also called for a boycott of the Beijing Olympics. On 24 March, the torch lighting ceremony in Greece was disrupted by activists, including some from Reporters Without Borders. At Chinese embassies, protests ranged from pelting the embassies with eggs and rocks^[21] to protestors entering the premises and raising Tibetan flags, which was outlawed in Tibet by the Chinese government in 1959.^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]

Protesters in Tibet that were arrested and detained claimed they were tortured and told to admit they were paid to protest by the 14th Dalai Lama. ^[26] The Chinese government stated the unrest was motivated by separatism and blamed the Dalai Lama for orchestrating it.^[27] The Dalai Lama denied the accusation and said that the situation was caused by "deep seated disillusionment and despair" in Tibet, and invited Chinese officials to come to India with its evidence.^[1]^[28] Representatives of the Chinese government and the Dalai Lama held talks on China's Tibet policies on 4 May and 1 July of the same year.^[29]^[30]

Background

Orange refers to Tibet's original land boundaries, subdivided into provinces by China and designated as Tibetan (and other ethnic minorities) autonomous areas

The protests erupted amid growing frustrations amongst TIbetans concerning China's anti-religious campaigns against Tibetan Buddhists,^[1]^[31]^[32]^[33] which Tibetans assert began after the military annexation in 1950. Unresolved situations remained regarding Tibet's three highest spiritual leaders—the 14th Dalai Lama and the 17th Gyalwang Karmapa had been in exile in India since 1959, while the 11th Panchen Lama's location remains unknown since his kidnapping in 1995 by the Chinese government. Photographs of the Dalai Lama remain outlawed, as are Tibetan flags.^[34] Efforts at brokering agreements on behalf of Tibetans by the Dalai Lama with China had stalled.^[35]

The protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950 include earlier mass protests in Lhasa—the 1959 Tibetan uprising, and the 1987 protests which were likewise led by monks from Sera monastery, Drepung monastery and Ganden monastery, as reported by Tibet Watch.^[36] Both protests were met with force by the Chinese government, and by a declaration of martial law in 1989.

Of the 1989 suppression in Lhasa, journalist Jim Yardley wrote:

"In the past China has not hesitated to crush major protests in Tibet or to jail disobedient monks. President Hu Jintao, who is also the general secretary of the Communist Party, served as party boss in Tibet during a violent crackdown in 1989. His support for the bloody suppression of unrest that year earned him the good will of Deng Xiaoping, then the paramount leader, and led directly to his elevation to the Politburo Standing Committee and eventually to China’s top leadership posts."^[37]

The Dalai Lama and the Central Tibetan Administration (CTA) proposed the "Middle Way" approach to address the government of China's policies in Tibet. Specific agreements offered to China include the Five Point Peace Plan in 1987, the Strasbourg proposal in 1988, and the Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy in 2008.^[38] China has not agreed to the proposals for an autonomous cultural and Buddhist Tibetan region within the state. As a policy begun by Mao Zedong in 1950, China promotes settlements of Han Chinese within Tibet, which, according to the Dalai Lama and others, dilutes Tibetan culture and identity.^[39]^[40] The Central Tibetan Administration also states:

"Under the guise of the economic and social development, Beijing encourages its population to migrate to Tibet with the clear aim to marginalize Tibetans from the economic, educational, political and social life of the region."^[41]

A railway link opened in 2006 delivers three thousand Han a day to the region. Within Lhasa, Tsering Woeser reports that Tibetans are discriminated against at spiritual sites, and residents were relocated to rural areas, as urban areas were redeveloped for Han residents and businesses.^[42]^[43]^[41] Nomadic Tibetans are forced to build homes and borrow money for construction costs,^[44]^[34] while their grazing lands are redistributed, as reported by Free Tibet.^[45]

Environmental concerns^[33] also motivated the protests.^[31] Some of Asia's most important rivers^[which?] flow from the Tibetan plateau, and "are being polluted and are, according to the Dalai Lama, "diminished by careless industrialisation and unplanned irrigation".^[39]

Tibetan disobedience to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), both violent and non-violent, is considered by the Chinese government as a crime of separatism and a threat to China's national security and expansionism. Kelsang Dolma wrote, "when the 2008 Tibet protests erupted, fomented by discontent with decades-long repression, the CCP ruthlessly responded by killing and arbitrarily arresting protesters".^[32]

China's policies in Tibet also created simmering socio-economic issues in Lhasa.^[46] Tibetans have complained about social discrimination and unequal pay. The arrests of Tibetan monks, and reports of a monk being killed, are believed to have also led to the clashes.^[47]

Economic issues created by the policy of settling Han Chinese into Lhasa includes the alleged marginalization of Tibetan shop owners in favor of Han owners. According to the Tibetan Independence Movement and other sources, Tibetans in Lhasa were angered by inflation that caused the prices of food and consumer goods to increase. Prices also continued to rise in other parts of the country,^[48] while Tibetan youth stated that equal access to jobs and education is another economic issue related to the mass settling of Han Chinese.^[49]

The scheduled 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing was a rallying point before 2008.^[1]

Protests in Tibet

Lhasa

Various sources^[which?] state the demonstrations began on 10 March near midday, when a group of 300–400 monks from Drepung monastery marching to Lhasa's center demanding religious freedom and the release of Drepung monks arrested a year earlier. Chinese police blocked their route, and a sitting protest began. The monks were reportedly kicked and beaten with batons, and Human Rights Watch reported that 60 monks were arrested.^[1]^[50] Around 5:00 p, a group of monks from Sera monastery began a protest in front of Jokhang Temple, and reports state nearly all were arrested after electric prods were used.

The next day on 11 March as 300–400 monks from Sera monastery departed in a line to demand the release of the arrested Sera monks. An eyewitness told the BBC that Chinese police kicked and beat them on their sides, and beat a monk to the ground, describing it as "gratuitous violence".^[51] Outside the monastery, the monks began a sitting protest and were surrounded by riot police and armed military units. Radio Free Asia reported that an eyewitness saw tear gas being fired into the crowd.^[50]^[52] The Human Rights Watch report stated hundreds of monks and nuns from Ganden Monastery and Mani Nunnery also began marching into Lhasa on 11 March. Participants claimed that they were stopped by police and returned to their monastic centers, which were promptly cordoned off.^{[citation needed]}

On 14 March, a group of monks preparing to depart from Ramoche Temple in the center of Lhasa to demand the release of monks from Drepung and Sera were barred from leaving by police. A commotion was reportedly witnessed by nearby residents that began congregating outside before throwing stones at the police and overturning their vehicles.^{[citation needed]} Crowds swelled as the police withdrew, and it soon led to ethnic-targeted clashes. Reports state Han Chinese businesses were ransacked and their inventory piled into the streets and burned. Fires were spread to buildings, and Han and Hui Chinese people were beaten, while a fire killed several^[quantify] Han and a Tibetan in the same building.^{[citation needed]}

When Chinese police and military units reentered Lhasa on 14 March, reports state tear gas canisters were launched and shootings began. Amnesty International reports that machine guns were used.^[53] State hospitals were reported by Human Rights Watch as closed to protestors by Chinese authorities, and reports of wounded and killed Tibetans were suppressed.^[50]

Police cars, fire engines and other official vehicles were reportedly set on fire. Reports state Tibetans attacked Han and Hui passerby using stones, and an eyewitness stated from their hotel window, "It seems like it's ethnic—like they want to kill anyone not Tibetan." The witness also said he saw a group of 20 armed men firing guns, and that he was unsure if they were police officers or armed rioters.^[54] Chinese state media reported non-Tibetan-owned businesses and banks were robbed and houses were attacked and burned down, including government buildings and schools. Police used tear gas and cattle prods. According to Chinese state media, 18 civilians were killed by rioters.^[3]

A crowd tried to storm the Lhasa Great Mosque and set fire to the front gate. Shops and restaurants in the Muslim quarter were destroyed.^[55] A Chinese businessman reported that many Hui Muslim stores were burnt. Also burnt were stationery shops, banks, and a wholesale market at Tsomtsikhang, where many shops are owned by Han Chinese and Hui Muslims.^[7]

Throughout Lhasa, raids, security sweeps and arrests by Chinese security forces reportedly continued for several days. Tsondru, a monk, is reported to have died after being thrown off a roof while under arrest by Chinese security forces.^{[citation needed]} An early official statement by Tibet Autonomous Region Chairman Pema Trinley reported, "Only three law-breakers died during the pacification of the Lhasa unrest, no participation from the PLA" was revised to add that another person "jumped from a building" to avoid arrest.^[56]

Amdo/Gansu

The Tibetan protests and demonstrations spread outside of Lhasa, and the boundaries of the Tibet Autonomous Region, but were within the boundaries of Tibet.

On 14 March, 200 Labrang Monastery monks were assaulted by Chinese police when leaving their monastery in Amdo (Gansu), before being surrounded by military units while conducting a sitting protest outside.^[57] Local residents from Xiahe, numbering around 300, were prevented from approaching and roads were blocked by Chinese forces.^[58]

On 15 March, 4,000 Tibetans gathered near the Labrang Monastery and clashed with Chinese forces.^[59]^[60] The clashes centered around the Gelug school's Labrang monastery, one of the largest Buddhist monasteries in Tibet.^[60] Demonstrators marched through the streets of Xiahe.^[61] There were reports of government offices being damaged by the protesters, as well as reports of police using tear gas and shooting at protesters.^[60]

In Lanzhou on 16 March, 100 students participated in a sitting protest.^[62]

In Machu on 16 March, rioters set a government building on fire, while clashes continued on 18 March.

In Hezou on 19 March, footage emerged showing protestors tearing apart Chinese flags and raising Tibetan flags in their place.^{[citation needed]}

China's Xinhua News Agency reported the cost of damage in Gansu at an estimated ¥230 million (US$32.7 million).^[63]

The Tibetan government-in-exile stated that 19 Tibetans were shot and killed on 18 March.^[64]

Amdo/Qinghai

Chinese authorities have reportedly arrested twelve Tibetan monks after an incident in the historic region of Rebkong, which is located in the Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai (known to Tibetans as Amdo).^[61] Chinese security forces surrounded the Ditsa monastery in Bayan County.^[61]^{[dubious – discuss]} Qinghai province borders the Tibet Autonomous Region.

On 19 March, Chinese forces cordoned off the village of Taktser, where the 14th Dalai Lama was born.^[62]

In Tongren, demonstrations occurred at the Rongwo Monastery between 14 and 16 March.

In the capital city of Xining, a journalist with Neue Zürcher Zeitung reported that residents were receiving intimidating calls from the Public Security Bureau. A call received by a Tibetan professor was reported as having said "Take good care of yourself" in a threatening manner.^{[citation needed]}

During special classes for students in the region, videos Tibetans demolishing stores and attacking police were shown. The sessions have been deemed propaganda by some. Tibetan students at the Medical University of Xining held demonstrations to express their solidarity with the protestors, as well as a vigil for killed protestors in Lhasa.^[65]

Passports belonging to Tibetans were confiscated to prevent returns to India and the delivery of reports on events to Tibetan exiles. Tourists and foreign residents were surveilled and informed about their possible expulsion in case they got involved in Tibetan protests.^{[citation needed]}

Kham & Amdo/Sichuan

On 16 March, Tibetan monks and local residents clashed with police in Ngawaafter monks held a protest at the traditional Tibetan grounds of Kham and Amdo. A BBC eyewitness reported that approximately 17 Tibetans were killed, including a school girl. By 18 March, the town was "teeming with police and soldiers".^[66]

The India-based Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy reported that at least seven people were shot.^[67] There are other reports that police shot between 13 and 30 protesters after a police station was set on fire, reports of at least one policeman being killed, and the burning three or four police vans. Reports on the exact number of deaths were difficult due to the expulsion of journalists.^[68] The Chinese government stated that it opened fire on protestors in self defense on 20 March, reporting that four were wounded.^[62]^[69]

In Ngawa Town, after days of protests by 3,000 monks and 300 nuns, 27 of the nuns at the Kirti monasteries and nunneries were arrested by Chinese police forces on 20 March. Photographs of killed protestors near Kirti were circulated.^[62]

Neue Zürcher Zeitung reported that phone calls into the region from Zurich were intercepted, and exiled Tibetans were harassed during the calls. The arrested nuns were not heard from afterwards. During a telephone call, a nun stated she and the other nuns had no regrets, and that "the road of liberty is long and arduous".^[70]

A wave of arrests occurred in Sertar on 21 March, where police shot and killed a protestor. Chinese army troops blocked roads in Sertar, and many Tibetans were arrested. The London-based Free Tibet Campaign reported that troops had been sent to the county after residents used explosives to destroy a bridge near the village of Gudu.^[71]^[70]

In Kardze, Radio Free Asia reported demonstrations on 23 April, and on 11–12 May when 14 of the nuns demanding the release of two arrested in April were beaten and detained. The report states nuns were from nearby nunneries, and armed Chinese forces continued to patrol the area.^[72] Other protests were held in Chori.

The TCHRD reported that three people were killed by Chinese forces on 15–16 March.^{[citation needed]}

The BBC reported that around 16 March, 600 monks from Lhasa were flown to Chengdu by Chinese security forces.^[62]

Chinese response

Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao blamed supporters of the Dalai Lama for the recent violence in Tibet, claiming "There is ample fact and we also have plenty of evidence proving that this incident was organised, premeditated, masterminded and incited by the Dalai clique."^[73] However, younger and more radical Tibetans were reportedly dissatisfied with the Dalai Lama's nonviolent methods, choosing to riot instead.^[74] The Dalai Lama denied any involvement in organizing or inciting the unrest.^[75] The Economist reporter James Miles, when asked in an interview if the Dalai Lama was responsible for the riots, responded that he "didn't see any evidence of any organized activity", opining that "it's more likely that what we saw was inspired by a general desire of Tibetans both inside Tibet and among the Dalai Lama's followers, to take advantage of this Olympic year, but also inspired simply by all these festering grievances on the ground in Lhasa."^[76] He noted in another report that the rioting "seemed to be primarily an eruption of ethnic hatred".^[48]

On April 1, the Chinese government accused supporters of the Dalai Lama of planning suicide attacks. Samdhong Rinpoche, prime minister of the Tibetan government-in-exile, denied these allegations, stating "Tibetan exiles are one-hundred-percent committed to nonviolence. There is no question of suicide attacks."^[77]

On March 31, the PRC state-owned news agency Xinhua published what it claimed to be an account of the process by which the Dalai Lama allegedly masterminded the riots. Key claims include that five groups associated with the Government-in-Exile recruited agents for the "Tibetan People's Great Uprising" in India in February, that 101 agents sent from Dharamsala were instrumental in organising the protests and riots, that the Government-in-Exile directly funded the protests and that the Tibetan Youth Congress intends to conduct an armed guerilla campaign in China.^[78]

The West Australian reported that Chinese forces claimed to have found semi-automatic firearms hidden throughout a temple in Ngawa.^[79]^[80] Police officers told state television, "they were modified semi-automatic weapons."^[79]

Riot actions

China responded by deploying the People's Armed Police. The BBC reported seeing over 400 troop carriers mobilizing into Tibet,^[81] which would represent a deployment of up to 4,000 troops. The Chinese authorities ordered all Hong Kong and foreign journalists to leave Lhasa.^[82] According to General Yang Deping, regular military troops from the People's Liberation Army were not deployed.^[83]

Chinese authorities were also reportedly concerned that the Tibetan protests could "embolden activists in restive Xinjiang province" to organise street protests as well.^[61] The Chinese government's People's Daily reported a statement by Gyaincain Norbu, which condemned the unrest, stating

"the rioters' acts not only harmed the interests of the nation and the people, but also violated the aim of Buddhism [...] We strongly condemn the crime of a tiny number of people to hurt the lives and properties of the people."^[84]

In addition to sealing off monasteries, an eyewitness at Sera Monastery claimed, "they [Chinese authorities] were grabbing monks, kicking and beating them."^[85] In Ngawa, police fired at the crowd after protestors reportedly burned down government buildings including the local police station, destroyed vehicles including police vehicles, stabbed police officers with swords, and attempted to take firearms from the police, during which the police fired warning shots to no avail.^[69] The government claimed that the police acted in self-defense. According to the Chinese government, four protesters were wounded, and 18 civilians, along with a police officer, were killed. The Tibetan government-in-exile claimed there were at least 99 deaths across the region.^[86]

PRC and Dalai Lama dialogues

On March 19, Premier Wen Jiabao condemned the Dalai Lama's alleged role in the riot, but said the possibility for a dialogue remained open if he renounced Tibetan independence, and if he "recognizes Tibet and Taiwan as inalienable parts of the Chinese territory".^[87]^[88] The Dalai Lama has repeatedly stated he seeks autonomy, not independence, citing the need for Tibet to develop as a modern nation.

On May 4, two representatives of the PRC government, Zhu Weiqun and Sitar met with two representatives of the Dalai Lama, Lodi Gyari and Kelsang Gyaltsen, in the southern Chinese city of Shenzhen. The two sides exchanged views and agreed that a further round of talks should be held at an appropriate time.^[89]

Plans for the meeting had been announced by the Xinhua News Agency on April 25,^[90] and was confirmed by the Dalai Lama's spokesman.^[91]

This was the first high-level dialogue between the Dalai Lama's representatives and the PRC government since the March unrest, and was the continuation of a series of talks between the Chinese government and the Dalai Lama's representatives, including his immediate family and close aides.^[92]^[93]

A second meeting was scheduled for June 11. However, due to the 2008 Sichuan earthquakes, the two sides agreed to postpone the meeting.^[94] The second meeting was held on July 1.^[30]

Casualties and fatalities

Reports of casualties, deaths and gunfire from independent media sources and from Tibetan sources contradict reports from Chinese government sources.^[95]

China's state media Xinhua News Agency reported on early Saturday, 15 March, that 10 people had been burned to death by Tibetans, including two hotel employees and two shop owners.^[96] It also reported that the victims were all innocent civilians^[97] and that most of them were business people.^[98] It again reported on 21 March that, according to the Tibet regional government, 18 civilians and 1 police officer had been confirmed dead in the unrest by the night of Friday, 14 March. In addition, the number of injured civilians rose to 382 from 325, 58 of whom were critically wounded. 241 police officers were injured, 23 of whom were critically wounded.^[99]

The Associated Press reported on a press conference from 17 March that Tibet Autonomous Region governor Champa Phuntsok announced that 16 had been confirmed dead over the weekend's violence and dozens injured.^[100] Other sources published after the same press conference indicate that China put the death toll in Lhasa at 13.^[101]^[102] The Associated Press later reported that the Chinese government's official death toll from the previous week's rioting in Lhasa had risen to 22.^[103] Accordingly, the death toll reported by Xinhua had risen to 19.^[104]

The Central Tibetan Administration reported by 16 March to have confirmed at least 80 deaths,^[105] then increased the death count by Chinese forces to more than 140 people, as reported on 5 April.^[106] The Central Tibetan Administration's number of Tibetans killed since increased to 220, including subsequent deaths through to January 2009.

A month after the unrest began on 10 March, the Dalai Lama stated that since the beginning of the demonstrations in Tibet at least 400 people had been killed and thousands of others arrested.^[107]

Foreign tourists and Chinese eyewitnesses in Lhasa said "they saw and heard repeated gunfire there on Friday", 14 March.^[95] Although Phuntsok claimed that Chinese police did not fire their guns or use anti-personnel weapons against the Tibetan protesters, additional reports from BBC, Central Tibetan Administration, Tibetan Review, Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International contradict Puncog's claim and state "indiscriminate shootings" by Chinese forces occurred, and that leaked evidence of machine gun use has been documented.^[26]^[108]^[109]^[53] Puncog also states Tibetans wounded 61 police officers, including six seriously,^[110] and reported that 13 innocent civilians had been killed.^[111] According to reporter James Miles, the police fatalities included both Tibetans and the Han Chinese.

A blockade by China of monasteries was reported by an Indian newspaper and Phayul, a news source affiliated with Central Tibetan Administration. The People's Armed Police had blocked off water, electricity, food and health facilities in Sera Monastery, Drepung monastery, Ganden monastery and at other monasteries active in the demonstrations. As a consequence, monks were suffering starvation, and on 25 March one monk died from starvation at Ramoche Temple.^[112]^[113]^[114]

On 28 March, the International Herald Tribune reported 5 shopgirls had been burned alive when Tibetan rioters set fire to the Yishion clothing store where they worked. The article noted one of them was Tibetan.^[115]

In October 2009, four Tibetans were executed in connection with their involvement with the unrest.^[116] According to the Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy, "the executions were not announced by the Chinese news media, and a woman who answered the phone at the Lhasa Municipal Intermediate People’s Court hung up when asked to confirm the accounts provided by the exile group.^{[citation needed]}

Arrests and disappearances

The arrests of monks during non-violent protests began on 10 March, and among those were monks from Drepung Monastery demanding the release of Drepung monks arrested a year earlier. The BBC^[26], sourcing information from a Human Rights Watch report,^[50] reported that"witnesses recounted that monks who initially tried to go through the police lines were thrown to the ground, kicked, and taken away." The arrest of 15 monks from Sera Monastery was confirmed by state-run China Tibet News, which added 13 of the monks were prosecuted. Their whereabouts were still unknown as of 2010.^{[citation needed]} The Human Rights Watch report stated approximately 60 monks were arrested on 10 March in Lhasa.

The first non-monastic Tibetans were reportedly arrested in Barkhor Square on 11 March.^[66]

Accounts from 14–15 March state that Chinese forces in Lhasa began a search and arrest campaign, which continued for days and into the subsequent months in other towns and villages.

In Aba Town, Free Tibet reported on 21 March that dozens of nuns from Mani Nunnery were arrested, while many more Tibetans in the area were reported as missing.^[117]

Another report on the Kardze area from Radio Free Asia in May 2008 states at least 200 people were detained after 24 March, while 7 nuns were sentenced to prison and 107 nuns were detained.^[72] The Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy reported that three nuns from Dragkar Nunnery detained in Kardze were tortured, reportedly leading to the death and disappearance of one of the nuns.^[118]

During a Chinese state sponsored tour for journalists on 7 April, two monks at Labrang Monastery that spoke out to reporters have since disappeared.^[119] At Drepung Monastery, 80 monks have disappeared. Numerous monasteries and nunneries were reported as cordoned off by Chinese forces, while reports state these restrictions on movement arrests evolved into full-scale blockades of water, food, medical care and access to communication at several monastic centers.

Amnesty International reported in June 2008 that over 1,000 Tibetan protesters detained by Chinese authorities were "unaccounted for",^[120] while more than 1,000 monks, nuns, students and citizens had disappeared by 2008.^[119]^[118] Another report from Amnesty International stated 5,600 Tibetans were arrested through to January 2009.^[53]

By 5 April, the Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy reported that the Chinese authorities had arrested over 2,300 Tibetans from various parts of Tibet,^[121] and claimed that "Tibetans are sometimes secretly killed in detention".^[122]

The TCHRD also reported that a 38-year-old Tibetan woman, who was involved in peaceful protests on 16 and 17 March in Ngaba County, died after reportedly being tortured in a Chinese prison. Following her release, the government hospital had reportedly refused to admit her.^[123]

According to a 10 October 2009 report by the U.S. Congressional-Executive Commission on China, at least 670 Tibetans had been jailed in 2009 for activities that included peaceful protest or leaking information to the outside world.^[116]^[124]

On 7 November, the state-run Lhasa Evening News reported a retired doctor was sentenced in Lhasa to 15 years imprisonment on espionage charges for passing information to the Central Tibetan Administration. The sentencing corresponds to the PRC's concealment of hospital records, as Human Rights Watch reported.^{[citation needed]}

Media coverage

During the protests and demonstrations, Chinese authorities prohibited foreign and Hong Kong media from entering Tibet and expelled those already there.^[125]^[126] Two German reporters, Georg Blume of Die Zeit and Kristin Kupfer of Profil, left Tibet on March 18 due to pressure from the authorities, and James Miles, a correspondent from The Economist, said that China "insisted however that when my permit did expire on the 19th that I had to leave. I asked for an extension and they said decisively no."^[127]^[128] Domestic Chinese media initially downplayed the riots, but this changed relatively quickly as they began to focus on the violence against Han citizens.^[129] There was speculation that the violence would affect attendance at the 2008 Olympic Games,^[130] particularly amid pressure for leaders to boycott the games,^[131] but the calls for boycott went largely unheeded.^[132]^[133]

Tania Branigan of The Guardian reported the Chinese government blocked foreign broadcasters and websites, and denied journalists access to protest areas. Websites such as YouTube, the The Guardian website, portions of the Yahoo! portal, and sections of The Times website had been restricted.^[134]

The Chinese media accused Western media of reporting with inaccuracy and little independent cross-checking. The Chinese state-run newspaper China Daily claiming Western media deliberately misrepresented the situation. The newspaper stated that The Washington Post used pictures of baton-wielding Nepalese police in clashes with Tibetan protesters in Kathmandu, claiming that the officers were Chinese. The article stated that Chinese citizens had been angered by what they saw as biased and sometimes dishonest reporting by Western media.^[135] There was also criticism of CNN's use of a cropped picture that shows only the military truck but not rioters who were attacking it.^{[citation needed]} John Vause, who reported this story, responded to the criticism saying, "technically it was impossible to include the crashed car on the left".^[136] The CNN image was later replaced with one that was cropped differently. On 24 March, the German TV news channel RTL Television disclosed that a photograph depicting rioters had been erroneously captioned. Separately, another German station, n-tv, admitted that it had mistakenly aired footage from Nepal during a story on Chinese riots.^[137] The Agence France-Presse reported that Chinese students abroad had set up the website Anti-CNN to collect evidence of "one-sided and untrue" foreign reporting. Media accused of falsified reporting include CNN, Fox News Channel, the Times Online, Sky News, Spiegel Online and the BBC. Spiegel Online has rejected the accusations in an article.^[138]^[139] According to The New York Times, CNN apologized on May 18 over some comments made on April 9.^[140]

Riots against non-Tibetans began on Friday, 14 March. Chinese TV channels aired hours of anti-Chinese riots in Lhasa and the aftermath. Employees at the state television service CCTV's English service were instructed to keep broadcasting footage of burned-out shops and Chinese wounded in attacks.^{[dubious – discuss]} As of 18 March, no footage of demonstrators acting peacefully was shown.^[141] China's Communist Party newspaper, the People's Daily, called on the government to "resolutely crush the 'Tibet independence' forces' conspiracy and sabotaging activities".^[103]^[142] The People's Daily also accused the Dalai Lama and the Central Tibetan Administration of orchestrating the protests in its commentary.^[103] Yahoo! China published "most wanted" posters across its homepage to assist Chinese police in apprehending protestors; 24 Tibetans are believed to have been arrested as a result.^[143]

After expelling foreign journalists, the Chinese government selected a group of foreign journalists which were given restricted access to the region.^[144]^[145] The Agence France-Presse and Deutsche Welle reported on the decision by the Chinese government, which allowed a small group of reporters to tour Tibet. The journalists allowed to tour Tibet included those from The Wall Street Journal, USA Today, Financial Times, Kyodo News Agency, the Korean Broadcasting System, Al-Jazeera, and the Associated Press.^[146] The journalists were kept under close control while in Lhasa. Chinese authorities said the limited number of journalists permitted to attend and the restrictions on their movements were based on logistical considerations.^[147]

On 27 March, the media tour through Lhasa was disrupted by a group of detained monks from Jokhang Monastery.^[148] Reports from Taiwanese journalists also invited on the tour stated that the Jokhang monks told them that they had been locked down in the temple even though they had not participated in the riots, and implored the journalists to report the information. Padma Choling, the vice-chairman of the Tibetan Autonomous Region, stated that they were locked down pending police interviews in relation to the riots, and that they were released once interviewed. He also promised that the monks involved in the protest would be "dealt with" according to law.^[149]^[150] The Tibetan activist group International Campaign for Tibet stated on 28 March that it feared for the welfare and whereabouts of the monks which spoke out during the media tour, specifically those monks from Sera Monastery, Drepung Monastery, Ganden Monastery and Ramoche Temple.^[151] The group did not explain why it identified four monasteries when the protest involved only monks from Jokhang. Choling later told reporters the monks would not be punished.^[152] Detained monks at Labrang Monastery also reportedly spoke to the journalists on tour, and likewise implored them to report their detainment. Subsequent reports of blockades by Chinese authorities at Sera, Drepung, Ramoche and Labrang monasteries reportedly led to starvation conditions.^{[citation needed]}

On 17 March, the Toronto Star reported the accounts of various Canadian witnesses who were caught up in the violence.^[153] One Canadian witnessed an attack by a mob on a motorcyclist, others recounted how the violence of the riots forced them to escape with help from taxi drivers and guides, and another described how they intervened to save a Han Chinese man from a mob.^[8]

International reaction

A Free Tibet rally outside the Chinese consulate in San Francisco, California, on March 17, 2008

According to Wen Jiabao, the Premier of the People's Republic of China, attacks on between ten and twenty Chinese embassies and consulates occurred around the same time as attacks on non-Tibetan interests in the Tibet Autonomous Region and several other ethnic Tibetan areas.^[154]

According to an article by Doug Saunders published in The Globe and Mail, the protests were loosely coordinated by a group of full-time organizers hired by two umbrella groups that were loyal to the Tibetan government in exile. Documents were sent to more than 150 Tibet support groups around the world giving them detailed notes on how to behave when organizing similar disruptions as the Olympic flame made its six-month trip around the world. This included advice on maintaining non-violence and following the Dalai Lama's opposition to Tibetan national independence. Protesters were to advocate a more autonomous Tibet within China. However, many of the protestors did not follow this advice.^[155] Doug Saunders further stated that the torch-relay protests had no relationship with the unrest in Tibet.^[156]

Impact on the 2008 Summer Olympics

There were rumors that some athletes were considering boycotting the 2008 Summer Olympics over the unrest. The vice-president of the International Olympic Committee discouraged this,^[157] as well as the European Union and the Olympic Committees of Europe and Australia, who condemned politicizing sport.^[158] The 14th Dalai Lama also reiterated that he was against any boycott.^[159]

The attendance of government leaders at the 2008 Summer Olympics opening ceremony was watched by the media, because some groups called for a boycott of the ceremony on both human rights and Tibetan violence grounds. Nonetheless, by the end of July 2008, the leaders of more than 80 countries had decided to attend the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympics, more than in any of the preceding Olympics.^[133] All but one leader of the countries that did not attend the opening ceremonies emphasized that it was not to boycott the Olympics;^[160]^[161]^[162]^[163] one German chancellor said that there was "no link to Tibet".^[164] Prime Minister of Poland Donald Tusk was the one European head of government to boycott the opening ceremonies because of the violence in Tibet.^[165]

On 20 March, the U.S. Department of State issued a warning to U.S. citizens attending the Beijing Olympics, stating that "Americans' conversations and telephones could be monitored and their rooms could be searched without their knowledge or consent".^[166]^[167]

Aftermath

According to the People's Daily, normalcy returned on 24 March to some affected areas in Sichuan Province, as schools, shops and restaurants reopened to the public.^[168]

On March 26, a small group of foreign journalists were taken by bus into Tibet, in a move that appeared calculated to bolster government claims that authorities were in control and that the protests which began peacefully were acts of destruction and murder. The heavily armed police presence indicated Lhasa remained under lockdown. Reporters were guided to burned streets in Lhasa hung with a red banner that read, "Construct a Socialist Harmonious Society", a catchphrase from the Chinese president's efforts to deal with social unrest created by an increasing gap between an urban middle class and the poor. The Dalai Lama called the trip "a first step", provided that reporters were given complete freedom.^[146]

The Open Constitution Initiative, operated by several Weiquan lawyers and intellectuals, issued a paper in May 2009 challenging the official narrative and suggesting that the protests were a response to economic inequities, Han Chinese migration, and religious sentiments. The OCI recommended that Chinese authorities better respect and protect the rights and interests of the Tibetan people, including religious freedom.^[169]

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v t e 21st-century protests and unrest in mainland China
2001–2007	2002–2003 Chinese protest movement (2002–2003) Yizhou riots (2002) Hefei student protests (2003) Tangshan protest (2004) Anti-Japanese demonstrations (2005) Huashui protest (2005) Dongzhou protests (2005–2006) Dazhou protests (2007)
2008	Lhasa riots Longnan riot Shenzhen anti-police riot Sichuan riots Tibetan unrest (International reactions) Uyghur unrest Weng'an riot
2009	Shaoguan incident Shishou incident Self-immolation of Tang Fuzhen Tonghua Iron and Steel Group riot Ürümqi riots Xinjiang unrest
2010	Chinese labour unrest Guangzhou language protests Ma'anshan riot Suzhou workers riot Tibetan language protest Xinfa aluminum plant protest Self-immolation in Yihuang
2011	Chaozhou riot Chinese pro-democracy protests (Crackdown on dissidents) Dalian PX protest Fuzhou, Jiangxi bombings Haimen protest Inner Mongolia unrest Shanghai Truckers strike Wukan protests Yunnan protest Zengcheng riot Zhejiang solar panel plant protest Zhongshan riot
2012	Anti-Japanese demonstrations Qidong protest Shifang protest Tibetan protests in Sichuan Zhongshan riot
2013–2014	Bachu unrest Shanshan riots Southern Weekly incident Taiyuan attack Tiananmen Square attack Golf factory workers strike Zhengzhou Airport riot
2015–2021	Wukan protests (2016) Jasic incident (2018) Minjiang University protests (2018) Delivery Knights Alliance (2019–2021) Inner Mongolia protests (2020)
2022–	Henan banks protests (2022) 2022 Beijing Sitong Bridge protest (2022) 2022 COVID-19 protests in China Zhengzhou Foxconn protests 2023 Chinese healthcare reform protests
Related	Anti-incinerator movement in China China PX protest Egg fried rice protests Labor relations in China Mass incidents in China Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China (Phuntsog self-immolation incident) Xinjiang conflict (East Turkestan independence movement)

v t e National security and law enforcement in China
National	Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party National Security Commission Central Military Commission People's Liberation Army Militia Maritime Militia NDMC United Front Work Department State Council Ministry of State Security Ministry of Public Security National Defense Mobilization Commission Ministry of National Defense Taiwan Affairs Office
Mainland	Fire and Rescue Supervisory Commissions People's Police Public Security PP provincial Public Security Departments city/county Public Security Bureaus Internet police Immigration Inspection State Security PP Provincial departments of State security Municipal Bureaus of State security Judicial Administrative PP People's Courts Judicial Police People's Procuratorates Judicial Police People's Armed Police ~~Ministry of Public Security Active Service Forces~~ Coast Guard Mobile units 1st Mobile Corps 2nd Mobile Corps Customs State Secrets Protection Cyberspace Admin Urban Admin
Hong Kong	Office for Safeguarding National Security Committee for Safeguarding National Security PLA Hong Kong Garrison Independent Commission Against Corruption Disciplined Services Police National Security Department Fire Correction Customs Immigration
Macau	PLA Macau Garrison Commission Against Corruption Macau Security Force Unitary Police Service [zh] Public Security Police (including Migration Service) Judicial Police [zh] Fire Services Bureau Correctional Services Bureau Macau Customs Service [zh]
Operations	Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries (1950–53) Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns (1951–52) Sufan movement (1955–57) Anti-Rightist Campaign (1957–59) Red August (1966) Shadian incident (1975) 1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign (1983–87) Persecution of Falun Gong (1999) 6521 Project (2009) Anti-corruption campaign (2012–) Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism (2014–) Operation Fox Hunt (2014–) 709 crackdown (2015) Special Campaign to Crack Down on Organized Crime and Eliminate Evil (2018–21) Education and Rectification of the Political and Legal Teams (2021–22) Abroad Information operations and information warfare United States
Other topics	2011 crackdown 610 Office Arbitrary arrest and detention Black jails Capital punishment Censorship Central Case Examination Group Chinese information operations and information warfare Civil Servant-Family Pair Up Death sentence with reprieve Enforced disappearance Great Cannon Grid-style social management Holistic national security Hong Kong national security law List of Hong Kong national security cases Human flesh search engine Human rights Tibet Macao Hong Kong Internet censorship Inciting subversion of state power Judicial system Judiciary of Hong Kong Judiciary of Macau Laogai Life imprisonment Liuzhi Mass surveillance in China Migration to Xinjiang Penal system PLA Unit 61398 Political offences Picking quarrels and provoking trouble Re-education through labor Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location Soft detention Shuanggui Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism Three warfares Two-faced person Persecution of Uyghurs in China Xinjiang internment camps