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Today's Featured Article 1860 bronze farthing, depicting Britannia Beginning in 1860, Britain replaced its copper coinage with bronze pieces. The existing copper coins (principally the penny, the halfpenny and the farthing) were seen as too large and heavy. Thomas Graham, the master of the Mint, persuaded William Gladstone, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, to replace them. Gladstone secured authorising legislation and a vote of funds in Parliament. Leonard Charles Wyon of the Royal Mint was tasked with rendering designs for the new coinage. He produced an obverse for the new coins depicting Queen Victoria, who modelled for him. The reverse featured Britannia (pictured). With the aid of two outside firms, the Royal Mint struck enough of the new bronze coins that it began calling in the copper pieces in 1861, a process complete after 1877, although less than half in terms of value of the extant coppers were paid in. The new coins remained current until the run-up to decimalisation in 1971, except for the farthing, which was demonetised from 1 January 1961. (Full article...) Recently featured: Mariah Carey Concerto delle donne Robert Pattinson  Today's Highlighted Article In chemistry, an amino acid is a molecule containing both amine and carboxyl functional groups. In biochemistry, this term refers to alpha-amino acids with the general formula H2NCHRCOOH, where R is an organic substituent. In the alpha amino acids, the amino and carboxylate groups are attached to the same carbon, which is called the α–carbon. The various alpha amino acids differ in which side chain (R group) is attached to their alpha carbon. They can vary in size from just a hydrogen atom in glycine through a methyl group in alanine to a large heterocyclic group in tryptophan. Beyond the amino acids that are found in all forms of life, many non-natural amino acids have vital roles in technology and industry. For example, the chelating agents EDTA and nitrilotriacetic acid are alpha amino acids that are important in the chemical industry. (more...) Recently highlighted: Two-level utilitarianism – Islamic view of Ezra – Weapon dance Archived – By email – More highlighted articles...  Did You Know... Emperor Yingzong of Ming ... that Emperor Yingzong of Ming (pictured) abolished the practice of concubines committing suicide following an emperor's death? ... that FlexiRide bus services have no fixed route, operating only when passengers book a trip? ... that Sri Jumahaliah Hanifa was the first woman to be the dean of the University of Indonesia's law school? ... that two-thirds of the six-week budget allocated to the filming of a Doctor Who episode was used up in only three days? ... that despite being rivals since the 1920s, the 2010 NFC Championship Game was only the second time the Chicago Bears and Green Bay Packers had ever met in the playoffs? ... that the then–prime minister of New Zealand said that the greatest impact of the December 2011 Christchurch earthquakes was on mental health? ... that sprinter Ng Ka Yee set four Hong Kong records in 1988 ahead of competing in that year's Olympics? ... the 2025 student elections at 15 constituent campuses of Tribhuvan University could not be held due to political conflicts between student organizations? ... that Fromage was described as "the cheesiest board game of all time"?  On this day June 13 USS Jeannette 1525 – Martin Luther married Katharina von Bora, beginning the practice of clerical marriage in Protestantism. 1881 – The Jeannette expedition to reach the North Pole from the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait came to an end when the USS Jeannette (pictured) was finally crushed and sank after having been trapped in ice for almost two years. 1952 – Soviet aircraft shot down a Swedish military plane carrying out signals-intelligence gathering operations, followed three days later by the shootdown of a second plane searching for the first one. 1969 – Preston Smith, Governor of Texas, signed a law converting a research arm of Texas Instruments into the University of Texas at Dallas. 2013 – Some of the closest advisors and collaborators of Czech prime minister Petr Nečas were arrested for corruption. Henry Middleton (d. 1784) Manuel Marques de Sousa, Count of Porto Alegre (b. 1804) Charles Algernon Parsons (b. 1854) Fran Allison (d. 1989) More anniversaries: June 12 June 13 June 14

In the news Air India Boeing 787-8 in 2014 Air India Flight 171 (aircraft pictured) crashes in Ahmedabad, India, killing more than 260 people. The Beach Boys co-founder Brian Wilson dies at the age of 82. A shooting at a secondary school in Graz, Austria, leaves eleven people dead. At the Tony Awards, Purpose wins the Best Play and Maybe Happy Ending wins the Best Musical. Prime Minister of Mongolia Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene resigns after weeks of protests. Ongoing: Gaza war Russian invasion of Ukraine timeline Sudanese civil war timeline Recent deaths: Uriah Rennie Luis Jalandoni Norman Hutchins Maganti Gopinath Mike Eghan Bill Atkinson Portals General reference Culture and the arts Geography and places Health and fitness History and events Mathematics and logic Natural and physical sciences People and self Philosophy and thinking Religion and belief systems Society and social sciences Technology and applied sciences Sister projects Wikipedia is hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization that also hosts a range of other projects: Wikimedia Commons Commons Wiktionary Wiktionary Wikinews Wikinews Meta-Wiki Meta-Wiki Wikiquote Wikiquote Wikisource Wikisource Wikibooks Wikibooks Wikispecies Wikispecies Wikiversity Wikiversity

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The Challenger 2 is a third-generation British main battle tank. As of 2025, it is in service with the British Army, the Royal Army of Oman, and the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The tank was designed by Vickers Defence Systems in 1986 as an extensive redesign of the company's earlier Challenger 1. More than 400 Challenger 2 tanks were built between 1990 and 2002. This photograph, taken in 2014, shows a Challenger 2 tank firing a practice squash-head round at the Castlemartin Training Area in Pembrokeshire, Wales. Photograph credit: Si Longworth Recently featured: Grey-breasted mountain toucan Auricularia auricula-judae Batalha Monastery

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