Kimmerosaurus
| Kimmerosaurus Temporal range: Late Jurassic,
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| Genus: | †Kimmerosaurus Brown, 1981
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| †Kimmerosaurus langhami Brown, 1981
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Kimmerosaurus ("lizard from Kimmeridge") is an extinct genus of plesiosaur from the family Cryptoclididae.[1] It is known from remains found in England and Norway.[2][3]
Discovery
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There are very few fossil remains of Kimmerosaurus known. In fact, nothing has been found to show what Kimmerosaurus may have looked like below the neck, although the atlas and the axis are similar to those of the plesiosaur Colymbosaurus. It is this lack of any post-cranial fossils, and the bone similarities that has led to the belief that Kimmerosaurus fossils could be the missing head of Colymbosaurus, a similar plesiosaur with no known skull fossils.[4][5]
The holotype is NHMUK R.8431, a partial skull previously referred to Cryptoclidus eurymerus. It was discovered alongside the second specimen by Peter Langham at Endcome Bay, Dorset in 1976 and was named as Kimmerosaurus langhami by Brown (1981b).[2]
NHMUK PV R 10042, a skull and five cervical vertebrae, was also discovered in 1976 by Peter Langham, while BNMH R.1978 was discovered in Weymouth by R. Damon around 1884 before it was donated to the British Museum in 1890; both specimens were assigned to Kimmerosaurus in 1986.[4] K873, a left dentary assigned to Kimmerosaurus in 1999 was discovered on 2 December 1990 and is part of the Etches Collection.[6]
Three more potential specimens, including mainly postcranial material, of Kimmerosaurus were excavated in the Agardhfjellet Formation, Svalbard in 1994 and between 2004 and 2009.[7][8] One specimen, PMO 212.662 was described by Stokke (2022) as belonging to cf. Kimmerosaurus.[3]
The first part of the genus name of Kimmerosaurus comes from the location of the first Kimmerosaurus fossils, Kimmeridge Clay deposits of Dorset, England (these deposits are also the root word for the Kimmeridgian stage of the Jurassic period). The second part comes from the Greek word σαυρος (sauros), "lizard".[5]
Description
[edit]As Kimmerosaurus is known from only a skull (and a few cervical vertebrae), much of the plesiosaur's description comes from its teeth,[5] which are recurved and buccolingually compressed (compressed cheek-side to tongue-side). The premaxilla has only eight teeth, while there are thirty-six teeth on each ramus.[2] The parietals of Kimmerosaurus do not form a sagittal crest.[2] The overall skull of Kimmerosaurus is similar to Cryptoclidus but much more broad.
Phylogeny
[edit]Kimmerosaurus was placed into Cryptoclididae as the sister taxon of Cryptoclidus.[4][1]
Cladogram as per Ketchum & Benson (2010):[1]
| Cryptoclididae |
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Palaeoecology
[edit]Kimmerosaurus fossils are found in the Kimmeridge Clay Formation near the town of Kimmeridge, in Dorset, England. This animal may have ranged through much of what is now the Jurassic Coast, a World Heritage Site in the southern United Kingdom.
See also
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References
[edit]- ^ a b c Ketchum, H. F.; Benson, R. B. J. (2010). "Global interrelationships of Plesiosauria (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) and the pivotal role of taxon sampling in determining the outcome of phylogenetic analyses". Biological Reviews. 85 (2): 361–392. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00107.x. PMID 20002391. S2CID 12193439.
- ^ a b c d Brown, David S.; (1981b); The English Upper Jurassic Plesiosauroidea (Reptilia) and a review of the phylogeny and classification of the Plesiosauria; Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology; 35(4) pp.253-347
- ^ a b Stokke, Maren K. (2022). "A large long-necked plesiosaur from the Late Jurassic Agardhfjellet Formation of central Spitsbergen, Norway" (PDF). Natural History Museum UNIVERSITY OF OSLO.
- ^ a b c Brown, D.; Milner, A.; Taylor, M. (1986). "New material of the plesiosaur Kimmerosaurus langhami Brown from the Kimmeridge Clay of Dorset" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology. 40 (5): 225–234. ISSN 0007-1471. S2CID 56181657.
- ^ a b c "Plesiosaur.com entry on Kimmerosaurus". Archived from the original on 2008-06-25. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
- ^ "K873". The Etches Collextion. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
- ^ "NORWAY-PALEONTOLOGY-DINOSAURS-ARCTIC". www.dittnested.com. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
- ^ "Plesiosaurs from Svalbard". The Plesiosaur Site. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
External links
[edit]- Entry on Kimmerosaurus at The Plesiosaur Site
- Palaeos Vertebrates entry
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