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This page is about the miniature hard drive format. For the unrelated storage devices from Sinclair and other uses, see NickW1129/sandbox (disambiguation).
M18
M18 Colored Smoke Grenade with "violet" or purple smoke filling.
TypeSmoke grenade
Place of originUnited States
Service history
In service1942-present
Used byUnited States
Australia
New Zealand
Ukraine
WarsWorld War II
Vietnam War
Korean War
Iraq War
War in Afghanistan
Russo-Ukrainian War
Production history
Designed1942
ManufacturerPine Bluff Arsenal
Unit cost$44 (avg. cost in 2013)
Produced1942-present
VariantsRed, Yellow, Green, Violet
Specifications
Mass19 oz (540 g)
Length5.75 in (146 mm)
Diameter2.50 in (64 mm)
FillingSmoke Mix, colored
Filling weight11.4 oz (320 g)
Detonation
mechanism
Pyrotechnic M201A1 Pull-ring delay Igniter (1.0–2.3 seconds)

https://web.archive.org/web/20240204235022/https://www.dacis.com/budget/budget_pdf/FY15/PROC/A/4582E34000_22.pdf

https://www.usmilitariaforum.com/forums/index.php?/topic/354857-m-18-smoke-question/

https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADB014090.pdf

m18 things

[edit]

The M18 Colored Smoke Grenade is a US Army grenade used as a ground-to-ground or ground-to-air signaling device, a target or landing zone marking device, or a screening device for unit maneuvering.

History

[edit]

The M18 was developed in 1942 during World War II and was completed in November of that year. It was designed to replace the M16 smoke grenade, which did not burn as long or as vividly. It was designated standard issue in the fall of 1943. Both were produced at the same time as the M16 production lines were already setup when the M18 was adopted.[citation needed]

The M16 was available in red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, and black. The M18 initially were going to be produced in the same colors, including white, but it was decided to limit it to four colors (red, yellow, green and violet) for simplicity. The M16 was declared limited standard in 1944 but was still available when it was declared obsolete in the early 1990s.[citation needed]

During the Vietnam War, the M18 was mainly by radio operators used for signaling to helicopters and aircraft. Red meant danger, while violet and yellow were used to mark pickup zones and friendly force locations. Green was rarely used due to it being difficult to spot.[1]

In 1971, a non submersible version of the M18 was under testing as the M18 provided poor signal when used in areas partially or fully covered in water. This made the standard M18 ineffective in such areas in Vietnam. This version of the M18 had a silicon ballute which acted as a parachute and flotation device. It was produced by Northrup Carolina, a subsidiary of Northrup Grumman at the time.[2][3]

By June 2019 the Pine Bluff Arsenal has produced 3,888,502 M18 grenades since it's introduction.[4]

In 2022, the US supplied Ukraine with an undisclosed amount of M18 smoke grenades as part of a military aid package.[5][6]

Design

[edit]

The early M18 has a 5.75" x 2.50" steel cylindrical outer casing with a M200A1 or M200A2 pull-ring fuze assembly and four emission holes on the top that were covered by tape. On the bottom is an additional hole for smoke to release when ignited.[7][8]

The body contains a primer, and starter/ignition mixture. Below that is a pyrotechnic delay column surrounded by donut shaped smoke filler mixture that varied in composition depending on the color used.[9] Including filling, the M18 weighed 19 oz. After ignition, the grenade produced a cloud of colored smoke for 50 to 90 seconds.[8]

The M18 was light gray, with yellow text painted stating the color. It came shipped in a metal tube used to protect it from moisture.

Diagram and cross section of the M18 Colored Smoke Grenade (Yellow smoke filling depicted).

The M18 came in four variations: G940 (Green), G945 (Yellow), G950 (Red), and G955 (Violet).[10]

Later M18 versions came with an M201A1 pull-ring fuze assembly in an olive drab body with the top painted indicating the color and white text with a band towards the bottom.[11] One version removed the bottom emission hole, keeping the four on the top, while the most recent version removed the top emission holes and had one on the bottom.[10][12] Instead of a metal tube a wax/cardboard tube was used for shipping.

In 2006 wafer starter patches were added inside the body between the donut shaped pucks of dye which improved burn times.[13]

Non-submersible Variant

[edit]

The non submersible M18 was the same size as the standard M18 and looked almost identical on the outside. The body contains a chimney design vent hole under the fuze in the middle. Surrounding the chimney is a folded silicone fiberglass ballute that is attached to a bulkhead plate. 8 vent holes on the top of the bulkhead are used to inflate the ballute when the grenade is ignited. Below the bulkhead is a starter/ignition mixture, inflation mixture, and smoke mixture.[14]

When ignited and thrown, the top of the grenade with the pull-ring fuze assembly detached while the ballute inflated. The grenade would then glide towards the ground upright, and could float in water.[14]

It was found these versions of the M18 had a lower smoke volume but burning time was almost double the standard M18 with 90 seconds minimum.[14]

Chemistry

[edit]

The smoke from an M18 is produced by volatilizing and condensing a colored dye mixture. The heat produced by the starter mixture volatilizes the dye which is then condensed by the air forming a colored smoke cloud.[15] A cooling agent is added to the smoke mixture to help prevent excessive decomposition of the dye while burning time can be regulated by adjusting the amount of oxidant and combustible materials.[16]

In the original M18 chemical components, sulfur was used for the starter mixture with sodium bicarbonate as a coolant. Smoke mixture was dependent on the color of smoke being produced.[16]

The formula for the M18 was later changed in the late 90s due to health and environmental concerns. The new M18 used sugar for the starter mixture and magnesium carbonate as coolant.[15][16] The smoke mixtures were also changed, using different dyes.

New yellow and green M18 were made with relative ease, while red and violet were more challenging to produce. Early attempts failed due to insufficient flaming/smoke production of the mixtures. Additionally the new red formula produced a pink smoke rather than the intended red. Several attempts were made to correct it but were unsuccessful.[17]

The new dye mixtures are produced by Nation Ford Chemical in South Carolina.[18]

Old/New Mixture Comparison Table

[edit]
Component Yellow Red Green Violet
Old New Old New Old New Old New
Vat Yellow 4 14.0% 4.0%
Solvent Yellow 33 42.0% 12.6%
Disperse Red 9 40.0% 8.4%
Solvent Red 1 34.2%
Disperse Red 11 6.8% 38.0%
Solvent Green 3 28.0% 29.4%
Benzanthrone 24.5% 8.0%
1,4-Diamino-2,3-dihydroanthraquinone 33.6%
Sulfur 8.5% 9.0% 10.4% 9.0%
Sodium Biocarbonate 33.0% 25.0% 22.6% 24.0% 5.1%
Potassium Chlorate 20.0% 24.1% 26.0% 17.7% 27.0% 25.0% 25.0% 23.5%
Magnesium Carbonate 17.5% 9.6% 15.5% 10.2%
Terephthalic Acid 14.0% 7.6%
Sugar 16.4% 17.7% 17.5% 15.5%
Stearic Acid 0.5% 0.5%
Table Sources:
  • [19] - Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants: Volume 3
  • [17] - Demonstration of the Replacement of the Dyes and Sulfur in the M18 Red and Violet Smoke Grenades

Manufacturing

[edit]

The Pine Bluff Arsenal in Arkansas is the only manufacturer of the M18 today.[20] It has been assembled there since it's introduction in 1942.[21] Majority of M18's were produced by Pine Bluff. This is denoted on an M18 by a "PB" before the lot number marked on the outside. The various components of the M18 are made by different manufacturers in the United States. As of 2017 the body and lid are made by Technical Products, Inc. & Tool Masters, Inc. The fuze assembly is made by Chemring in Florida, and the smoke mixture dyes are produced by Nation Ford Chemical in South Carolina.[22]

During the Vietnam War, the M18 was also manufactured by Martin Electronics, Inc. ("MEI") in Florida.[23] Martin Electronics was to produce 146,016 red and 339,552 violet M18 grenades in 1970/1971 but was regarded as unsatisfactory and failed to reach shipment deadlines.[24] Martin Electronics later produced the M201A1 fuze assembly for Pine Bluff assembling.[25]

Other manufacturer included (TSR) and (TAC)

Unit Costs/Year

[edit]
M18 Cost Per Unit
Year Green Yellow Red Violet
2025 $104.53 $106.03 $113.10 $112.42
2024 $101.83 $103.39 $115.44 $114.87
2023 $118.75 $118.75 - $120.15
2022 $110.57 $117.97 - -
2021 - - $88.04 $154.68
2020 $90.53 $91.72 - $99.68
2019 $81.21 $82.30 - $90.38
2018 $68.24 $71.67 - $74.02
2017 $64.84 $68.22 - $70.79
2016 $57.45 $60.81 - $63.34
2015 $49.89 $53.05 $56.06 $55.25
2014 $44.93 $47.82 $50.25 $49.71
2013 $60.26 $61.80 $122.80 $74.68
2012 $54.73 $57.73 $70.54
2011
2010 $59
2009 $49 $64 $62 $59
2008 $41 $62 $67 $61
2007 $55 $52 $55 $56
2006 $54 $51 $54 $53
2005 $45 $39.89 $53 $58
2004
2003 $32.00 $30.06 $29.10 $27.73
2002
2001 $27.05 $26.61
2000 $27.13
1999 $47.30 $33.27 $37.61
1998 $31.89 $31.90
Table Sources:




NickW1129/sandbox
1 GB IBM Microdrive
Media typeHard disk drive
EncodingRLL
Capacity170 MB - 16 GB
StandardCompactFlash Type II
Developed byIBM, Hitachi
Manufactured by
Dimensions42.0 mm × 36.0 mm × 5.0 mm
UsagePortable devices, notebooks, digital cameras
ReleasedSeptember 9, 1998
Discontinued2012

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sBNQHh3MAcM RESOURCES

https://www.pcworld.com/article/447531/the-astounding-evolution-of-the-hard-drive.html

https://www.eetimes.com/drive-makers-look-to-steal-wind-from-ibm-in-microdrive-segment/

https://www.eetimes.com/improved-ibm-microdrive-hunts-for-broader-use/

https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/shaping-the-evolution-of-the-pc/

development

https://www.eetimes.com/one-inch-no-cinch-for-ibm-storage-gurus/

https://www.computerworld.com/article/2783479/ibm-claims-world-s-tiniest-disk-drive.html

https://www.pctechguide.com/hard-disks/hard-disk-microdrives

https://research.ibm.com/publications/micro-drive-a-pluggable-one-inch-disk-drive-for-portable-devices

https://www.usenix.org/legacy/publications/library/proceedings/fast03/tech/full_papers/zedlewski/zedlewski_html/paper.html

kittyhawk

https://nathanlamontagne.wordpress.com/case-study-a/

release sources

https://www.dpreview.com/articles/8248476086/microtech

https://money.cnn.com/2000/06/20/technology/ibm_drive/

https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/ibm-to-ship-4gb-microdrive/

https://www.hpcwire.com/1998/09/11/ibm-intros-worlds-smallest-hard-disk-drive/

https://www.pocketpcfaq.com/wce/microdrive.htm

https://www.usenix.org/legacy/publications/library/proceedings/fast03/tech/full_papers/zedlewski/zedlewski_html/paper.html

space

https://spacenews.com/ibm-microdrive-is-out-of-this-world-worlds-smallest-hard-disk-drive-completes-two-successful-nasa-shuttle-missions/

CF stuff

https://www.fastcompany.com/1000253/sandisk-announces-32gb-compactflash-cards

Samsung SpinPoint A

http://www.hjreggel.net/hdtechdat/hd-samsung.html

http://www.hjreggel.net/hdtechdat/hd-ibm.html

paid resources

https://wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=production&url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=2238280&site=eds-live&scope=site

https://wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=production&url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=500556380&site=eds-live&scope=site

models

https://www.ctinsider.com/business/article/tiny-drive-grows-in-capacity-mp3-players-3239081.php

http://www.hjreggel.net/hdtechdat/hd-hitachi.html

http://www.hjreggel.net/hdtechdat/hd-micro.html

https://www.fredmiranda.com/forum/topic/618726/1

web archive

https://web.archive.org/web/20080517104552/http://www.hgst.com/portal/site/en/menuitem.a994b57654279b5daa67bca4bac4f0a0/

https://web.archive.org/web/20060902010542/http://www.hgst.com/hdd/micro/overvw.htm

https://web.archive.org/web/20051001093242/http://www.hgst.com/portal/site/en/menuitem.88209297e0b10f8056fb11f0aac4f0a0/

https://web.archive.org/web/20090719003902/http://www.hgst.com/portal/site/en/menuitem.92382478a130ca1492480021aac4f0a0/

https://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/backnumber/

https://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/E/2003/0106b/index.html

https://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/050405.html

The Microdrive is a miniature, 1-inch hard disk drive released in 1998 by IBM. It was created by duo Timothy J. Riley and Thomas Albrecht at the Almaden Research Center in San Jose. A team of engineers and designers at IBM's Fujisawa, Japan facility helped make it possible.

Due to the failure of the Kittyhawk, a 1.3-inch hard disk drive created by Hewlett Packard in 1992, initial support for it was reluctant. Despite that, it didn't have much opposition and development persisted. The Microdrive ended up being albeit limited, a success. This was largely due to its advantages over and compatibility with CompactFlash technology at the time. It caused the creation of and used the CompactFlash Type II format, which is slightly bigger (5 mm vs 3.3 mm), and allowed a much higher power draw (500 mA vs 70 mA). Type II became the de facto standard for devices utilizing the technology. Additionally the Microdrive offered higher storage capacities, more durability, and was cheaper per MB compared to flash at the time.

Although a niche for a while, the Microdrive market later became very competitive. Many companies began producing miniature hard disk drives also referred to as Microdrives.[26] Some offered much more storage capacity or were even more smaller in physical size to the original Microdrive. This did not last long however. By the mid to late 2000s, miniature hard disk drives were being viewed as obsolete with flash media such as CompactFlash, SD, and USB flash surpassing them in speed, capacity, durability, and pricing. By mid 2007, it was discontinued by most if not all manufacturers.

History

[edit]

Precursor

[edit]
HP Kittyhawk (right) next to a CompactFlash card, with quarter for comparison.

In June of 1992, prior to the Microdrive, a 1.3-inch hard disk drive nicknamed the "Kittyhawk" was launched. It was a collaboration creation by Hewlett Packard and AT&T. It was the smallest hard drive in the world at the time, being 2.0" × 1.44" × 0.414" (50.8mm × 36.5mm × 10.5mm) in size while offering 20, then later 40 MB of storage capacity.[27] The Kittyhawk was a colossal failure, with HP leaving the disk-drive industry shortly after in 1994.[28][29]

Development

[edit]

The original idea of the Microdrive was created in 1992 by Timothy J. Riley and Thomas Albrecht, IBM researchers that were working at the Almaden Center in San Jose, California. At the time, they were working on a funded project to examine micromechanic drive technology. They originally were trying to find a way to read increasingly smaller tracks on a disk surface using tiny motors and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. They found it would be better to use that technology in a mini disk drive rather than a large drive.[30]



The original idea by Timothy was to simply make a tiny disk drive with Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS),[31] but there was an increased technical risk and cost. The main issue was the size limit. Even if a tiny drive could be made, it's capacity would be very limited due to the diameter of the magnetic media and so the cost would be much higher, making the drive very expensive to produce.

IBM and Hitachi Microdrives, with an American quarter for size comparison.

It was then decided to stick with a conventional disk drive and all it's systems, but make it much smaller.

The leader of mobile drive development at IBM's Fujisawa facility at the time, Hideya Ino, highly sought the potential of a 1-inch disk drive. He decided that the Microdrive should become a real product, and had a team collaborate with Timothy and Thomas to create working prototypes.[31]

There were many challenges to overcome in creating a working Microdrive, such as the design, the load/unload system, the spindle motor, and the weight.

The load/unload system could not retract the head into the parking ramp when the drive was powered off, but this was fixed by using a small capacitor and some clever engineering to get enough energy for the actuator to park. Rather than using a traditional ball-bearing spindle motor for the platters, the Microdrive used a fluid-type spindle motor.

Having all the necessary ICs fit for the drive to work was an even greater challenge. The original design used components on one side of the main-board of the drive, but an engineer came up with a way to use direct chip attach, which allowed components on both sides of the board.

Getting support and marketing for the Microdrive was another difficult process due to the Kittyhawk's failure. Many ploys were used to get support, such as chart's that implied the Kittyhawk failed due to it's huge size reduction at the time.[30]

The form factor that ended up being chosen was CompactFlash, as that's what digital camera manufacturers were using. The CompactFlash interface was essentially IDE but scaled down. The original CompactFlash form factor was 3.3mm thick. Microdrive prototypes made in the 3.3mm size failed to work, however they did work in 5mm size.

Thomas/IBM visited the CompactFlash association and asked them to make a 5mm variant, which would then become CompactFlash Type II. It was the same as the original form factor, but just thicker. Because of this, camera manufacturers began making the slots on their cameras Type II and Type I compatible. This then became the Microdrive's main market.

It had a spindle speed of 4500 RPM, and drew 300 mA of current.

Announcements/Launch

[edit]

In September 1998, IBM officially announced the Microdrive, a year before the expected launch.[32]

“For IBM Disk Drives, this was an uncharacteristically early announcement. We normally would never announce a product a year in advance of shipments,” Albrecht said. “Everyone agreed that it was necessary. People needed to design Type II slots, and there were also questions whether we were serious about this.”[30]

It was advertised by marketers in varying ways. One source claimed it was about the size of a large coin, weighing less than an AA battery, and had the capacity of over 200 floppy disks. Another said it weighed half as much as a golf ball, and had a capacity of 300 novels.[33] And a manager at Sanyo said it could store 1,500 1.5 mega-pixel images or 10 minutes of VGA-quality video.[34] The Microdrive was expected to be launched by mid-1999, and would be a competitor to CompactFlash, which was originally released in 1994.[35] On June 24, 1999, IBM Japan announced the IBM Microdrive 340 MB for ¥58,000 or $475 USD.[36]

In June 1999, IBM officially launched the first generation 1-inch Microdrive. It had storage capacities of 170MB and 340MB at a price of $499. The drive was initially ordered by several companies such as Compaq, Casio, Minolta, Nikon, and more.[37]

The first generation of the Microdrive was a partial success, having a few products released using the drive. Such as the Sanyo VPC-SX500,[34] and the Casio QV2000UX.

Second Generation

[edit]

A second generation of Microdrive was announced by IBM the following year in June 2000.[38] These models would draw less power with a spindle speed reduction to 3600 RPM and have a higher bit density of 15.2 gigabit-per-square-inch. They would have increased capacities at 512 MB and 1 GB. The 512 MB model would cost $399 and the 1 GB model $499 upon release, with the original 340 MB microdrive decreasing to $299.[39] The initial microdrive models had limited-success due to their price tag. It was hoped with the improved models use could be expanded to other products such as audio players and handheld computers.[40][41]

The microdrive was much more expensive than conventional drives at the time, but less expensive than CompactFlash. The microdrive cost $0.50 per MB while CompactFlash was $2 per MB.[42]

Microdrive in Space

[edit]
Image taken on the STS-102 mission showing Discovery's payload bay

The 1GB microdrive was successfully used to store and bring back digital images from NASA's STS98 and STS102 shuttle missions in 2001. The microdrive was first tested with high doses of radiation and durability in a weightless environment before being used on the missions. It was put in a Kodak DCS 660 camera and was used to take hundreds of photograph on the missions.[43]

Portable Audio Players

[edit]

One of the main use cases of the Microdrive considered was portable audio players. The current capacity at the time was limited due to the cost of solid-state storage, and so only about 30 minutes of audio was available on consumer devices. With the Microdrive, this space could be expanded much larger although adding a bit to the price.

A portable CD player from the early 2000s

Timothy & Thomas along with some of IBM's marketing and development team went to various companies to advertise the Microdrive. They visited Sony, Panasonic, Phillips, and more. They however refused to use the Microdrive, and went with other formats such as record-able CD-ROM.

In 2004 Apple unexpectedly chose to use the Microdrive in their iPod Mini. This was surprising to the microdrive team.

Hitachi Merge

[edit]

Following the merger of IBM and Hitachi HDD business units, Hitachi Global Storage Technologies continued the development and marketing of the Microdrive. In 2003, 2GB and 4GB models were announced by Hitachi & IBM.[44][45] The 4 GB model was first available on February 20, 2004 for a price of $499.[46] This was followed by a 6GB capacity model in February 2005 for a price of $299, with the 4 GB model dropping to $199.[47][48] Hitachi additionally planned an even smaller 1-inch hard drive with a capacity of 8-10 GB under the code-name "Mikey" for late 2005 with a weight of 14 grams and a size of 40 mm × 30 mm × 5 mm.[49][50]

The iPod Mini (1st gen shown) uses a Microdrive to store data

Discontinuation

[edit]

In 2006, flash-based CompactFlash cards began to surpass Microdrives in capacity and lower costs, which made the Microdrive technology obsolete.[35] CompactFlash began in 1994 released by SanDisk with capacities of 2, 4, 10, and 15 MB at a cost of . By 2006, capacities reached 12 and 16 GB with a price of

In 2008, capacity reached 32 GB with a price of just $220 versus the $199 for a 4 GB microdrive.

By 2007, sales and profit of the Microdrive were dwindling so Hitachi discontinued production of 1 inch hard disk drives. Sales of 1-inch drives were only about 3,000 in a three-month period in 2007, while 560,000 units of 1-1.8-inch drives were sold throughout July to September 2007. Hitachi wanted to shift over to bigger 2.5 and 3.5-inch hard disk drives, rather than retain focus on the small hard disk drive business.[51]

Other Manufacturers & Sizes

[edit]

Halo Data Devices

[edit]

Halo Data Devices was a startup company founded in April 1998. They planned to make a direct competitor to IBM's Microdrive called the "MicroDrive". The drive would use CompactFlash Type I and have a 5400 RPM spindle with 37.5 to 75 Mbits/s transfer speed. It was claimed the drive would be even thinner than IBM's drive while being cheaper to purchase.[52][53]

In November of 2001 Halo Data Devices went out of business due to financial struggles designing and releasing their 1-inch hard drive.[54]

Cornice 4 GB 1-inch HDD

Cornice

[edit]

Cornice was a startup company founded in 2000 in Longmont, Colorado.

In 2002, Apple wanted Cornice to supply them with 1-inch hard drives for the iPod Mini. Cornice declined the offer as Apple wanted an exclusive agreement, which would end Cornice's partnerships with Thomson/RCA and Rio. It would also prevent them from offering their drive's to other companies.[55]

In 2003, Cornice released a 1.5 GB 1-inch hard disk drive for $65.[56]

In mid 2004, Seagate and Western digital both filed patent infringement suits against Cornice. They claimed their drives used technology Cornice didn't have permission to use.[57][58]

On July 18, 2005, Cornice announced a 4 GB 1-inch hard disk drive.[59]

Faced with financial struggles, stiff competition, and lagging sales, the company eventually went out of business in 2007.[60]

Magicstor 2.2 GB Microdrive

GS Magicstor

[edit]

GS Magicstor was a Chinese company founded in 2002 as a subsidiary of GS Magic, Inc.

By 2007 GS Magicstor was out of business.

On July 16, 2003, a Chinese manufacturer called GS Magicstor, Inc. (subsidiary of GS Magic, Inc.) announced it had produced 1-inch hard disk drive with capacity of 2.4 GB at the beginning of the year 2003, originally marketed as an alternative to Microdrive by Hitachi Global Storage Technologies. It was to be followed by 2.2 and 4.8 GB 1-inch HDD that was unveiled in 2004 International CES, with 0.8-inch HDD. On December 28, 2004, Hitachi Global Storage Technologies announced it had filed lawsuit against GS Magicstor, Inc., GS Magic, Inc., and Riospring, Inc. for infringement of multiple Hitachi GST's patents relating to hard disk drives, after GS Magic Inc. had started promoting mini-HDD (small form factor hard disk drive).

Seagate

[edit]

Main Article: Seagate ST1

Seagate ST1 2.5 GB

In June 2004, Seagate launched the ST1 1-inch hard drive with 2.5 and 5 GB capacity. They were the same physical form-factor as IBM Microdrive and referred to as either 1-inch hard drives or CompactFlash hard drives due to the trademark issue.[61][62]

In 2005, Seagate launched an 8 GB model. Seagate also sold a standalone consumer product based on these drives with a product known as the Pocket Hard Drive. These devices came in the shape of a hockey puck with an integrated USB 2.0 cable.

Seagate announced their 6 GB Microdrive on the same day as Hitachi, in February 2005.[63]

On February 13 2006, Seagate announced a 12 GB model called the ST1.3.[64]

Toshiba 4 GB 0.85" drive

Western Digital

[edit]

In January 2005, Western Digital announced they would be joining the 1-inch drive hard market. They planned to have 1-inch drives available by 2nd quarter of the year with capacities up to 6 GB.[65]

Western Digital launched a 6 GB external USB 2.0 microdrive as a part of the Passport Pocket brand in March 2006. This was made as a competitor to the Seagate Pocket Hard Drive. The unit had 2 MB of cache, 11 ms seek, spun at 3,600 RPM, and was 60 × 45 × 9 mm. The price for the unit was $130 upon release. [66]

Toshiba

[edit]

Toshiba decided to skip the 1" form factor, and in March 2004 announced a 0.85" drive that shipped in September of the same year.[67] This form factor remains the smallest one ever shipped. Capacities of 2 and 4 GB were offered,[68] destined primarily to the cellular phone market.[69]

Samsung

[edit]
Samsung 30 GB microdrive

Samsung entered the microdrive market at a very late stage in 2008 with announced capacities of 20, 30 and 40 GB.[70] Doing away with the bulky compact flash II connector, Samsung Spinpoint A1 microdrives were able to use a 1.3" diameter disk, while keeping the same outer microdrive dimensions (42.8mmx32.4mmx5mm). They also used perpendicular recording technology which had just been introduced in the hard disk industry. At the time when flash memory was becoming the medium of choice for all portable application, Samsung's entry was very short lived, with only one product carrying the 30 GB model known to ship: JVC's Everio GZ-MG73, an ultra-slim camcorder.[71]

Model Table & Timeline

[edit]
Model Capacity Released Discontinued
DMDM-10170 170 MB June 1999 June 2000
DMDM-10340 340 MB June 1999 June 2000
DSCM-10340 340 MB June 2000 December 2002
DSCM-10512 512 MB June 2000 December 2002
DSCM-11000 1 GB June 2000 December 2002
IBM/Hitachi Merge
340 MB
512 MB Jan 2003
1 GB Jan 2003
3K4-2 2 GB August 23 2003
3K4-4 4 GB August 23 2003
3K6-3 3 GB
3K6-4 4 GB
3K6-6 6 GB Feb 23 2005 January 2008
3K8-8 8 GB January 2008
Unreleased
3K8-10 10 GB N/A
Timeline of the IBM/Hitachi Microdrive

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Rottman, Gordon (2015). THE HAND GRENADE (PDF). Osprey Publishing. p. 56. ISBN 9781472807342.
  2. ^ Renfroe, Donald (18 Feb 1972). Development of a Floating Smoke Grenade Air and Surface to Surface (PDF). General Testing Laboratories, Inc.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  3. ^ "U.S. GRENADE, HAND, SMOKE, NONSUBMERSIBLE". ORDATA. 27 Feb 2009. Retrieved 30 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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